Integrating behavioral health care into a low-barrier HIV clinic using the Collaborative Care Model: a mixed methods evaluation of patient care cascade outcomes and determinants

Implement Sci Commun. 2025 May 5;6(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s43058-025-00738-5.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Low-barrier HIV care is an evidence-based intervention to improve HIV outcomes among those who have complex barriers to care, but the walk-in model poses challenges to integrating behavioral health services. We evaluated the acceptability and feasibility of a Collaborative Care Model (CoCM) for treatment of depression and opioid use disorder in a low-barrier clinic.

METHODS: In a sequential explanatory mixed methods pilot study, we accessed data from patient records to generate a care cascade for the number of patients enrolled in the first six months of the program and conducted individual interviews with patients and staff to interpret the care cascade findings.

RESULTS: Among 175 patients who visited the clinic, 36% were screened for, 24% were referred to, 15% completed an intake for, and 9% engaged in CoCM. The interviews revealed that screening was limited by a lack of clarity among staff about services offered in CoCM, staff forgetting the screening process, and limited time during patent visits. Referrals were limited by low buy-in among staff and patient complexity. Intakes were limited by time and space constraints in the care setting and competing acute patient needs. The care manager’s ability to embody the clinic’s culture facilitated engagement among patients who completed intakes.

CONCLUSIONS: Staff perceived CoCM to be acceptable and feasible to implement, but only in the context of multiple barriers to implementation and challenges to systematic screening and measurement-based care.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

PMID:40325485 | DOI:10.1186/s43058-025-00738-5