Measuring the prevalence, warning signs, and preventive measures of secondary traumatic stress among critical care nurses
BMC Psychiatry. 2025 May 5;25(1):450. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-06840-1.
ABSTRACT
Nurses are the front-liners for patients who need urgent care; therefore, they are exposed to several stressors. Indirect exposure to others’ trauma is called secondary traumatic stress. This study examined the prevalence, warning signs, and preventive measures of secondary traumatic stress among critical care nurses in Jordan. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected through a questionnaire, both paper and electronic, from 317 nurses working in nine hospitals. Nurses in this study had moderate levels of secondary traumatic stress with a mean of 40.9 (SD = 11.29), and around half of them met the diagnostic criteria. Arousal was the most reported symptom followed by avoidance and lastly intrusion. The majority of nurses had a mild to moderate risk of developing secondary traumatic stress. Multiple traumatizing events had a positive relationship with STS prevalence. Nurses viewed the preventive measures as moderately to greatly effective. Efforts must be directed toward preventing, diagnosing, and treating secondary traumatic stress among critical care nurses.
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