Suicidal ideation among young US essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study

J Affect Disord. 2025 Apr 22:S0165-0327(25)00672-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.096. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated clinical distress, with essential workers among the most impacted. Rates of suicidal ideation (SI) also rose, especially among gender minorities and young adults. The present study assessed rates of SI in a large sample of US essential workers. We hypothesized relatively high rates of SI in the sample, with the highest rates noted for cisgender women and transgender individuals. We further hypothesized an inverse relationship between age and SI, such that younger adults would express higher rates of SI.

METHODS: This longitudinal study recruited a convenience sample of 4136 essential workers for assessment of clinical symptoms, including SI, at four timepoints: baseline, 14-day follow-up, 30-day follow-up, and 90-day follow-up. Self-reported SI was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The study took place in August-December 2021.

RESULTS: Approximately one in five (20 %-23 %) essential workers endorsed experiencing SI at least several days of the two weeks prior to assessment at all study timepoints. An inverse relationship between age and SI was revealed, with younger adults endorsing significantly higher rates of SI. Transgender participants, but not cisgender women, endorsed significantly higher rates of SI than cisgender men. No significant change in SI appeared over time.

CONCLUSIONS: While levels of SI appeared relatively high among this large sample of essential workers, transgender and young adult participants stood out for their significantly higher rates of SI. This highlights the need for mental healthcare and early interventions for those at the forefront of global crises, especially among members of vulnerable groups.

PMID:40274129 | DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.096