The lives of intersex people: Socioeconomic and health disparities in Mexico

PNAS Nexus. 2025 Apr 19;4(5):pgaf126. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf126. eCollection 2025 May.

ABSTRACT

This paper reports socioeconomic and health outcomes for individuals born with sex variations (i.e. intersex individuals) in Mexico based on large, nationally representative survey data collected between 2021 and 2022 (n = 44,189). The sample includes 608 intersex respondents, corresponding to a weighted estimate of ∼1.6% of individuals aged 15-64 years, i.e. almost 1.3 million intersex people. The main empirical analyses document substantial negative outcomes for intersex individuals. There are significant disparities in mental, physical, and sexual health between intersex respondents and the endosex population, including higher rates of bullying during childhood (26 vs. 15% for endosex male and female individuals), harassment and violence in adulthood (20 vs. 10% for endosex male individuals), and mental health issues (46 vs. 34% for endosex male individuals). Additionally, intersex individuals have lower educational levels and are more likely to experience workplace rejection, exclusion, and discrimination and to face substantial barriers in healthcare environments.

PMID:40321419 | PMC:PMC12048708 | DOI:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf126