Family structure, depressive symptoms, and childhood maltreatment in Chinese adolescents: a mediation analysis
AI Summary
Single-parent, grandparent-headed, and other non-two-parent families show significantly higher adolescent depression risk; multigenerational families are protective.
Emotional abuse showed the strongest association with depression (OR 4.565), with physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect also significant.
Childhood maltreatment partially mediated the family structure-depression link, explaining 21.32% in single-parent, 8.46% in grandparent-headed, 9.40% in other families.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2026 May 25. doi: 10.1007/s00406-026-02270-6. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
This study examined the mediating role of childhood maltreatment between family structure and adolescent depressive symptoms, utilizing a nationally representative sample of Chinese adolescents (N = 30,234). Depressive symptoms and childhood maltreatment were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), respectively. Compared to adolescents in two-parent biological families, those in single-parent, grandparent-headed, and other families exhibited a significantly higher risk of depression. Conversely, multigenerational families demonstrated a protective effect. Emotional abuse (OR = 4.565, 95% CI: 4.118-5.061), physical abuse (OR = 1.774, 95% CI: 1.584-1.986), sexual abuse (OR = 1.884, 95% CI: 1.637-2.169), emotional neglect (OR = 1.658, 95% CI: 1.540-1.785), and physical neglect (OR = 1.301, 95% CI: 1.211-1.397) were all identified as significant risk factors for adolescent depression. Mediation analysis revealed that childhood maltreatment significantly partially mediated the link between family structure and depression, explaining 21.32% of the risk in single-parent families, 8.46% in grandparent-headed families, and 9.40% in other families. These family structures are associated with elevated risks of adolescent depression, partially through the pathway of increased childhood maltreatment. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted interventions that address family-based adversity to improve mental health outcomes in vulnerable adolescent populations.
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