Gender Differences and Comorbidities in Major Depression

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2026;1502:203-220. doi: 10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_13.

ABSTRACT

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Not only does it involve a persistent feeling of sadness and low mood, but it is also characterized by a lack of interest in pleasurable activities, by significant changes in weight, by insomnia or hypersomnia, by fatigue, and by feelings of worthlessness. MDD can last for long periods of time and, in severe cases, can significantly disrupt daily life, making everyday tasks increasingly challenging. In the worst-case scenario, MDD is associated with recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or suicide attempts. There is a large body of literature indicating significant gender differences in the occurrence, clinical presentation, and comorbidities associated with MDD. A substantial gap in depression rates is observed, with females experiencing higher rates than males. This disparity is due to multiple factors, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural. MDD is often accompanied by various comorbidities, which also differ by gender. These differences are important for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. While researchers have gained valuable insights into the gender gap in MDD, many aspects still require further exploration. This chapter examines gender differences and comorbidities in MDD, including clinical characteristics and risk factors. By addressing these complexities, the chapter aims to improve clinical practice and support the development of gender-specific treatment programs to aid individuals suffering from MDD.

PMID:42036570 | DOI:10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_13