Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Nutrition: A Narrative Review
AI Summary
Nutrition critically influences PLHIV outcomes; both undernutrition and overnutrition affect CD4 counts, BMI, haemoglobin, and overall quality of life.
Rising obesity among PLHIV, particularly males, increases cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk, while undernutrition elevates mortality and opportunistic infections in resource-limited settings.
Socioeconomic status, food insecurity, education and behavioural practices shape dietary habits; a comprehensive context-sensitive nutritional approach is essential for long-term HIV management.
Ann Afr Med. 2026 Jul 15. doi: 10.4103/aam.aam_238_25. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Nutrition plays a pivotal role in determining the health outcomes of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), particularly those undergoing antiretroviral therapy. This narrative review explores the bidirectional relationship between HIV and nutritional status, highlighting both undernutrition and overnutrition as significant concerns. Evidence suggests that deviations from recommended dietary allowances negatively impact CD4 counts, body mass index, hemoglobin levels, and overall quality of life (QoL). Multiple studies reveal a growing prevalence of obesity among PLHIV, particularly among males, raising concerns about comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Conversely, undernutrition remains a persistent issue in resource-limited settings and is associated with increased mortality and opportunistic infections. Socioeconomic factors, food insecurity, education, and behavioral practices strongly influence dietary habits and nutritional outcomes. In addition, studies from diverse geographic regions underscore the role of nutrition in modulating QoL, with mental health, social support, and education emerging as key determinants. A comprehensive, context-sensitive approach to nutrition is vital for optimizing HIV care and long-term management.
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