Evidence
![](https://psychiatryai.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/psychiatryai_com.webp)
BMC Psychol. 2024 May 31;12(1):319. doi: 10.1186/s40359-024-01754-1.
ABSTRACT
The therapeutic alliance is considered to play an important role in youth treatment. The commonly used versions of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) are based on Bordin’s three-dimensional alliance model. However, previous psychometric studies of the WAI did not find this three-dimensional structure in youth psychotherapy. These earlier findings may indicate different perceptions of the alliance by adolescent versus adult patients, but may also be due to methodological shortcomings. The current study aims to address previous study limitations by evaluating the factor structure of the short version of the WAI (WAI-S) in youth treatment in multilevel analysis to address the hierarchical structure of the alliance data. We examined the psychometric properties of the patient (n = 203) and therapist (n = 62) versions of the WAI-S in youth mental health and addiction care and tested four multilevel models of alliance at start of treatment and 2-month follow-up. Our results suggests a two-factor model for youth and a three-dimensional model for their therapist at both time points. Since this is the first study that finds a best fit for a two-dimensional construct of alliance in youth, more research is needed to clarify whether the differences in alliance dimensions are due to measurement differences between the WAI-S for youth and therapists or whether youth and their therapists truly differ in their perceptions of the concept of alliance.
PMID:38822423 | DOI:10.1186/s40359-024-01754-1
![Google](https://www.google.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_light_color_92x30dp.png)
![Google Keep](https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/product/1x/keep_48dp.png)
![Share on Linkedin](https://psychiatryai.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/linkedin-logo-png-2048-1.png)
Estimated reading time: 4 minute(s)
Latest: Psychiatryai.com #RAISR4D Evidence
![](/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/bd462cc11bcf0bd0d0d6f1d0f8b7cd04-modified-1.png)
Cool Evidence: Engaging Young People and Students in Real-World Evidence
![](/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/bd462cc11bcf0bd0d0d6f1d0f8b7cd04-modified-1.png)
Real-Time Evidence Search [Psychiatry]
![](/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/pubmed.png)
AI Research
![](/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Il5nR_nf_400x400-modified-1.png)
The working alliance inventory – short version: psychometric properties of the patient and therapist form in youth mental health and addiction care
![](https://psychiatryai.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/psychiatryai_com.webp)
🌐 90 Days
AI Virtual Reality Related Evidence Matrix
The change of working alliance and the association to treatment outcome in an internet-based therapy after pregnancy loss The change of working alliance and the association to treatment outcome in an internet-based therapy after pregnancy loss Comparison of the Working Alliance in Blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Treatment as Usual for Depression in Europe: Secondary Data Analysis of the E-COMPARED Randomized Controlled Trial Comparison of the Working Alliance in Blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Treatment as Usual for Depression in Europe: Secondary Data Analysis of the E-COMPARED Randomized Controlled Trial Therapeutic Alliance and Group Cohesion Across Telehealth Delivery of Mentalizing-focused Parenting Groups Measuring Alliance and Symptom Severity in Psychotherapy Transcripts Using Bert Topic Modeling "You can't really have a relationship with them because they just ask you questions": understanding adolescent dropout - an empirical single case study "You can't really have a relationship with them because they just ask you questions": understanding adolescent dropout - an empirical single case study "You can't really have a relationship with them because they just ask you questions": understanding adolescent dropout - an empirical single case study The sense of coherence scale: psychometric properties in a representative sample of the Czech adult population Self-efficacy, motivation, social support, and alliance as predictors of youth psychotherapy outcomes in usual care Psychotherapist factors that patients perceive are associated with treatment failure Examining the Performance of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory with Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth and Sexual Minority Emerging Adults: A Methodological Study Enhancing Psychotherapy Outcomes by Encouraging Patients to Regularly Self-Monitor, Reflect on, and Share Their Affective Responses Toward Their Therapist: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial The Use of Text Messaging as an Adjunct to Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Youth: Secondary Analysis Correction to: Psychometric properties of the arabic version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale: a multinational study Therapeutic stance towards persons with psychosis - a Grounded Theory study Psychometric properties of the Arabic versions of the long (27 items) and short (13 items) forms of the interpersonal mindfulness scale (IMS) Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale: a multinational study Development and validation of the Gender Identity and Expression Microaggressions in Therapy Scale (GIEMTS) Attenuated psychosis symptoms are related to working alliance between therapist and service user Assessing the patient's affective perception of their psychotherapist: validation of the in-Session Patient Affective Reactions Questionnaire Healthcare staff's perspectives on long-acting injectable buprenorphine treatment: a qualitative interview study Using machine learning to develop a five-item short form of the children's depression inventory Updates to the Alliance of Genome Resources Central Infrastructure Convergence of the dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP-BQ) and the five-factor personality inventory for the international classification of diseases 11th edition (FFiCD) in the context of the five-factor model and… Relationship of regional ultraviolet index data with rash and systemic disease activity in youth with childhood-onset systemic lupus: results from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry Psychometric properties of the Turkish reduced morningness and eveningness questionnaire The Importance of Nurse-Patient Relationships in the Midst of Substance Misuse: Support for Rural Youth Well-Being Evaluation and medical care of intersex and gender diverse youth Measurement invariance of the inventory of Callous‑Unemotional traits in different age groups from preschool age to late adolescence in Germany Patients' experiences with tele-mental health services during COVID-19 in Pakistan Reliability and validity of the short version of the childhood abuse self report scale in Chinese college students Interrater reliability of the violence risk assessment checklist for youth: a case vignette study Meta-analysis of Psychotherapy for Autistic Youth Early development of local data dashboards to depict the substance use care cascade for youth involved in the legal system: qualitative findings from end users Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the First Year Inventory for Early ASD Screening in China Psychometric properties and factor structure of the suicidal narrative inventory in major depression: A multicentric evaluation Psychometric properties and factor structure of the suicidal narrative inventory in major depression: A multicentric evaluation Navigating personal recovery: multinomial logistic regression analysis of schizophrenia outcomes in community-dwelling individuals Measurement invariance of the inventory of Callous‑Unemotional traits in different age groups from preschool age to late adolescence in Germany The Content of Usual Clinical Care for Youth with Primary Anxiety Problems Perceptions of mental health providers of the barriers and facilitators of using and engaging youth in digital mental-health-enabled measurement based care Complex PTSD symptom clusters and executive function in UK Armed Forces veterans: a cross-sectional study Management of youth with suicidal ideation: Challenges and best practices for emergency departments Understanding the impact of digital therapeutic engagement in promoting mental wellbeing for Pacific youth in Aotearoa New Zealand: an exploration of the literature Combining mHealth Technology and Pharmacotherapy to Improve Mental Health Outcomes and Reduce Human Rights Abuses in West Africa: Intervention Field Trial A modified persian version of the self-stigma of depression scale among the Iranian population: a methodological study in 2023 Cumulative Police Exposures, Police Violence Stress, and Depressive Symptoms: A Focus on Black LGBQ Youth in Baltimore City, Maryland Cumulative Police Exposures, Police Violence Stress, and Depressive Symptoms: A Focus on Black LGBQ Youth in Baltimore City, Maryland Early Predictors and Concurrent Correlates of Tonic and Phasic Irritability in Adolescence Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth suicide mortality and previous mental health, suicidality and service use in Queensland, Australia, from 2001 to 2021 Development and validation of an 8-item version of the Real Relationship Inventory-Client form Translation and psychometric testing of the Persian Version of nurses' ethical decision-making in End-of-Life Care Scale Same job, same working conditions? A cross-sectional study to examine the similarities and differences of the working situation in ambulatory and residential youth welfare workers Analysis of implementation processes in a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for major depressive disorder in prisons: Training, supervision, and recommendations Prescriptions for Antipsychotics: Youth with Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities Compared to Youth without Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities A Novel Blended Transdiagnostic Intervention (eOrygen) for Youth Psychosis and Borderline Personality Disorder: Uncontrolled Single-Group Pilot Study A Novel Blended Transdiagnostic Intervention (eOrygen) for Youth Psychosis and Borderline Personality Disorder: Uncontrolled Single-Group Pilot Study Smiling synchronization predicts interaction enjoyment in peer dyads of autistic and neurotypical youth Provider-patient relationships and trauma among pregnant patients with opioid-use disorder The relationship between short-form video use and depression among Chinese adolescents: Examining the mediating roles of need gratification and short-form video addiction Assessing the Effect of First-time Police Contact on Internalizing Problems Among Youth in Zurich, Switzerland: A Quasi-experimental Analysis The WHO Adult ADHD self-report Scale used in a clinical sample of patients with overlapping symptoms - psychometric properties of and scoring methods for the Swedish translation
Evidence Blueprint
The working alliance inventory – short version: psychometric properties of the patient and therapist form in youth mental health and addiction care
![](https://psychiatryai.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/psychiatryai_com.webp)
☊ AI-Driven Related Evidence Nodes
(recent articles with at least 5 words in title)
More Evidence
![](https://psychiatryai.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/psychiatryai_com.webp)
The working alliance inventory – short version: psychometric properties of the patient and therapist form in youth mental health and addiction care
🌐 365 Days
AI Virtual Reality Related Evidence Matrix
The change of working alliance and the association to treatment outcome in an internet-based therapy after pregnancy loss The change of working alliance and the association to treatment outcome in an internet-based therapy after pregnancy loss Comparison of the Working Alliance in Blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Treatment as Usual for Depression in Europe: Secondary Data Analysis of the E-COMPARED Randomized Controlled Trial Comparison of the Working Alliance in Blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Treatment as Usual for Depression in Europe: Secondary Data Analysis of the E-COMPARED Randomized Controlled Trial The therapeutic relationship from the perspective of patients and nurses in the first days of admission: A cross-sectional study in acute mental health units Therapeutic Alliance and Group Cohesion Across Telehealth Delivery of Mentalizing-focused Parenting Groups Preliminary evidence for the importance of therapeutic alliance in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder Feasibility of Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder in Japan: Pilot Single-Arm Trial Measuring Alliance and Symptom Severity in Psychotherapy Transcripts Using Bert Topic Modeling Convergence in patient and therapist alliance ratings early in treatment with Personality Assessment Inventory clinical scales and subscales "You can't really have a relationship with them because they just ask you questions": understanding adolescent dropout - an empirical single case study "You can't really have a relationship with them because they just ask you questions": understanding adolescent dropout - an empirical single case study "You can't really have a relationship with them because they just ask you questions": understanding adolescent dropout - an empirical single case study Effects of including a dog on treatment motivation and the therapeutic alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial The sense of coherence scale: psychometric properties in a representative sample of the Czech adult population Personality disorder type only sometimes matters: An exploration of patient's personality disorder as a source of variance in early therapeutic alliance Early indicators of response to transdiagnostic treatment of pediatric anxiety and depression Parental sensitivity, family alliance and infants' vagal tone: Influences of early family interactions on physiological emotion regulation Self-efficacy, motivation, social support, and alliance as predictors of youth psychotherapy outcomes in usual care Psychotherapist factors that patients perceive are associated with treatment failure Predictors of homework engagement in group CBT for social anxiety: client beliefs about homework, its consequences, group cohesion, and working alliance The effect of the alliance on social recovery outcomes and usage in a moderated online social therapy for first-episode psychosis Treatment Preferences of Adolescents and Young Adults with Depressive Symptoms: A Discrete Choice Experiment Measurement invariance of the Youth Self-Report across youth who have committed sexual and nonsexual offenses Examining the Performance of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory with Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth and Sexual Minority Emerging Adults: A Methodological Study Relational security: conceptualization and operationalization in small-scale, strengths-based, community-embedded youth justice facilities Enhancing Psychotherapy Outcomes by Encouraging Patients to Regularly Self-Monitor, Reflect on, and Share Their Affective Responses Toward Their Therapist: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Integrating exploration and prediction in computational psychotherapy science: proof of concept The Use of Text Messaging as an Adjunct to Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Youth: Secondary Analysis Transcultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the spanish version of the therapeutic relationship Assessment Scale-Nurse Correction to: Psychometric properties of the arabic version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale: a multinational study The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, version 2 (MAIA-2): psychometric properties in a Dutch non-clinical sample Does treatment specific-, disorder specific- or general therapeutic competence predict symptom reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder? Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale: A 25-Year Systematic Review Therapeutic stance towards persons with psychosis - a Grounded Theory study Psychometric properties of the Arabic versions of the long (27 items) and short (13 items) forms of the interpersonal mindfulness scale (IMS) Parenting the parent without losing sight of the child. A qualitative study of therapists' experiences with intergenerational adversities in perinatal psychotherapy Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale: a multinational study The Importance of Attachment for Human Beings and Dogs - Implications for Dog-Assisted Psychotherapy Development and validation of the Gender Identity and Expression Microaggressions in Therapy Scale (GIEMTS) Intervention format and therapist-child agreement associated with therapeutic alliance and outcomes Attenuated psychosis symptoms are related to working alliance between therapist and service user A Qualitative Exploration of Ontario Caregivers' Perspectives of Their Role in Navigating Mental Health and/or Addiction Services for Their Youth Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-short (CERQ-P-short): Reliability, validity, factor structure, treatment sensitivity, and measurement invariance Assessing the patient's affective perception of their psychotherapist: validation of the in-Session Patient Affective Reactions Questionnaire Construct validity of the German version of the Emotion Reactivity Scale Psychometric properties of the affect integration inventory - short form in a sample of patients with personality disorder The "Measure of Empathy in Early Childhood": Psychometric Properties and Associations with Externalizing Problems and Callous Unemotional Traits Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version among young people in South Africa and the relationship of high scale scores to reported offending or similar deviant behaviour Validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) with an older Norwegian population Examining Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Symptom Change in Cognitive Behavioral Immersion: Observational Study Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Chinese Depression Anxiety Stress Scale for Youth (DASS-Y) and DASS-21 Healthcare staff's perspectives on long-acting injectable buprenorphine treatment: a qualitative interview study The Positive Approach to the Psychiatric Assessment: A Randomized Trial of a Novel Interviewing Technique Using machine learning to develop a five-item short form of the children's depression inventory Preliminary psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the structured interview of personality organization (STIPO-CH) Examining the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Social Aptitudes Scale in two clinical samples Psychometric properties of the Chinese Mandarin version of the Borderline Symptom List, short form (BSL-23) in suicidal adolescents Individual Affirming Care: Psychological and Social Approaches to Trans and Gender-Diverse Youth Updates to the Alliance of Genome Resources Central Infrastructure Convergence of the dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP-BQ) and the five-factor personality inventory for the international classification of diseases 11th edition (FFiCD) in the context of the five-factor model and… Relationship of regional ultraviolet index data with rash and systemic disease activity in youth with childhood-onset systemic lupus: results from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry Scales for participant Alliance with Recovery Coach (SPARC): initial development and pilot test Limited prosocial emotions (LPE) specifier in conduct disorder and offending behavior: findings from a 10-year prospective longitudinal study of juveniles in residential care