Case Control Studies in Psychiatry

A polar plunge is a term referring to an ice-cold water immersion (CWI), usually in the winter period. It is also a part of a specific training program (STP) which currently gains popularity worldwide and was proven to display paradigm-shifting characteristics. The aim of this study was to compare the indices of mental functioning (including depression, anxiety, mindfulness) and duration of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) measured among the study participants. A set of questionnaires was distributed via the Internet. Participants declaring regular STP practice were selected ( = 77). Two groups were matched based on a case-control principle: the first one (the control group) comprised participants who did not declare nor CWI practice, nor STP practice. The second one comprised participants declaring regular CWI practice only. The CWI only group displayed better mental health indices and shorter URTIs compared to the control group. Moreover, the STP group also displayed better general mental health, less somatic complaints, and shorter URTIs compared to the CWI only group. This study suggests the existence of CWI's potential in boosting mental health and immune system functioning, however when complemented by a specific breathwork, this potential can be increased. However, further research is required.

The study of clinical biological indicators in bipolar disorder (BD) is important. In recent years, basic experiments have associated the pathophysiological mechanism of BD is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, but few clinical studies have confirmed this finding.

Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder (BD) impact functioning and are main contributors to disability in older age BD (OABD). We investigated the difference between OABD and age-comparable healthy comparison (HC) participants and, among those with BD, the associations between age, global cognitive performance, symptom severity and functioning using a large, cross-sectional, archival dataset harmonized from 7 international OABD studies.

Given the anticipated increase in ambient temperature due to climate change, the hazardous effects of heat on health have been extensively studied; however, its impact on people with intellectual disability, autism, and mental illness is largely unknown. We aimed to estimate the association between heat and hospitalisation through the emergency department (ED) among people with these mental disorders.

To provide insight into the health and social care costs during the disease trajectory in persons with dementia and the impact of institutionalization and death on healthcare costs compared with matched persons without dementia.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been increasingly understood as a disruption of brain connectome. Investigating grey matter structural networks with a large sample size can provide valuable insights into the structural basis of network-level neuropathological underpinnings of MDD.

Individuals presenting to hospital due to suicide attempt are at high risk for repeated suicidal act, yet there are meager data on the extent to which repeated suicidal acts result in death.

Depression is linked to stress which leaves traces in the epigenetic signature of genes. The oxytocin system is implicated in allostatic processes promoting adaption to environmental stressors. Interactions of the oxytocin system with the environment, e.g., methylation of the gene coding for oxytocin (OXT), are candidates for the investigation of the biological underpinnings of depression. Recently, we found hypomethylation of OXT in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) compared to healthy controls (HC). Since the replicability of findings is a key point of criticism in (epi‑)genetic research, we aimed to confirm our previous findings in a pre-registered study (data was stored in a database prior to pre-registration) within a new sample of n = 85 patients with MDD and n = 85 HC. We investigated OXT DNA-methylation in peripheral blood samples, stressful life events and depression severity. In accordance with our previous study, we found hypomethylation of OXT in patients with MDD compared to HC. Methylation was not associated with stressful life events. Patients reported significantly more stressful life events compared to HC. Our study revealed that hypomethylation of OXT can be demonstrated in a reproducible fashion and provides further evidence for the involvement of the oxytocin system in depression.

This study investigated the healthcare utilization and medical expenditure of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and identified the associated factors. The healthcare utilization and expenditure of T2DM patients with (case group) and without (control group) GAD between 2002 and 2013 were examined using the population-based Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Healthcare utilization included outpatient visits and hospitalization; health expenditure included outpatient, inpatient, and total medical expenditure. Moreover, nonpsychiatric healthcare utilization and medical expenditure were distinguished from total healthcare utilization and medical expenditure. The average healthcare utilization, including outpatient visits and hospitalization, was significantly higher for the case group than for the control group (total and nonpsychiatric). The results regarding differences in average outpatient expenditure (total and nonpsychiatric), inpatient expenditure (total and nonpsychiatric), and total expenditure (total and nonpsychiatric) between the case and control groups are inconsistent. Sex, age, income, comorbidities/complications, and the diabetes mellitus complication severity index were significantly associated with outpatient visits, medical expenditure, and hospitalization in the case group (total and nonpsychiatric). Greater knowledge of factors affecting healthcare utilization and expenditure in comorbid individuals may help healthcare providers intervene to improve patient management and possibly reduce the healthcare burden in the future.

Prenatal exposure to substance use is associated with long-term deficits in the neurodevelopment of children. The objective was to investigate the association between cognitive, motor, and language neurodevelopment at three years of age in infants prenatally exposed to substance use.

People with severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder, face poorer health outcomes from multiple chronic illnesses. Physical multimorbidity, the coexistence of two or more chronic physical conditions, and psychiatric multimorbidity, the coexistence of three or more psychiatric disorders, are both emerging concepts useful in conceptualising disease burden. However, the prevalence of physical and psychiatric multimorbidity in this cohort is unknown. This study aimed to estimate the absolute prevalence of both physical and psychiatric multimorbidity in people with severe mental illness, and also compare the odds of physical multimorbidity prevalence against people without severe mental illness.

Gut microbial disturbance has been widely confirmed in mood disorders. However, little is known about whether gut microbial characteristics can distinguish major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar depression (BP-D), and bipolar mania (BP-M).

Community treatment orders have been introduced in many jurisdictions with increasing use over time. We conducted a rapid umbrella review to synthesise the quantitative and qualitative evidence from systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of their potential harms and benefits.

In many everyday decisions, individuals choose between trialling something novel or something they know well. Deciding when to try a new option or stick with an option that is already known to you, known as the "explore/exploit" dilemma, is an important feature of cognition that characterises a range of decision-making contexts encountered by humans. Recent evidence has suggested preferences in explore/exploit biases are associated with psychopathology, although this has typically been examined within individual disorders. The current review examined whether explore/exploit decision-making represents a promising transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety. A systematic search of academic databases was conducted, yielding a total of 29 studies. Studies examining psychosis were mostly consistent in showing that individuals with psychosis explored more compared with individuals without psychosis. The literature on anxiety and depression was more heterogenous; some studies found that anxiety and depression were associated with more exploration, whereas other studies demonstrated reduced exploration in anxiety and depression. However, examining a subset of studies that employed case-control methods, there was some evidence that both anxiety and depression also were associated with increased exploration. Due to the heterogeneity across the literature, we suggest that there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether explore/exploit decision-making is a transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety. However, alongside our advisory groups of lived experience advisors, we suggest that this context of decision-making is a promising candidate that merits further investigation using well-powered, longitudinal designs. Such work also should examine whether biases in explore/exploit choices are amenable to intervention.

The diagnosis of adolescent Depressive Disorder (DD) lacks specific biomarkers, posing significant challenges. This study investigates the potential of Niacin Skin Flush Response (NSFR) as a biomarker for identifying and assessing the severity of adolescent Depressive Disorder, as well as distinguishing it from Behavioral and Emotional Disorders typically emerging in childhood and adolescence(BED).

Anosmia was one of the main symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A psychiatric history ( depression) may be an independent contributor to the risk of COVID-19 diagnosis, and COVID-19 survivors appear to have an increased risk of neuropsychiatric sequelae (bidirectional association).

In the global strategy to eliminate leprosy, there remains a need for early case detection to successfully interrupt transmissions. Poor knowledge about leprosy and leprosy-related stigma are key drivers of delayed diagnosis and treatment. Sensitization campaigns to inform and increase awareness among the general population are an integral part of many national neglected tropical disease programs. Despite their importance, the effectiveness of such campaigns has not been rigorously studied in the West African context. A multilingual rural setting with low health literacy in this region presents challenges to the potential impact of sensitization campaigns.

The underlying neurobiology of the complex autism phenotype remains obscure, although accumulating evidence implicates the serotonin system and especially the 5HT receptor. However, previous research has largely relied upon association or correlation studies to link differences in serotonin targets to autism. To directly establish that serotonergic signalling is involved in a candidate brain function our approach is to change it and observe a shift in that function. We will use psilocybin as a pharmacological probe of the serotonin system in vivo. We will directly test the hypothesis that serotonergic targets of psilocybin - principally, but not exclusively, 5HT receptor pathways-function differently in autistic and non-autistic adults.

Lateral ventricular enlargement represents a canonical morphometric finding in chronic patients with schizophrenia; however, longitudinal studies elucidating complex dynamic trajectories of ventricular volume change during critical early disease stages are sparse.

Women with a history of serious psychotic disorders are at increased risk of disease relapse during pregnancy. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics have been widely used to improve adherence and prevent relapse in patients with various severe psychotic disorders, but there is a lack of high-quality data from previous research on the safety of LAI antipsychotics during pregnancy.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the signature injury experienced by military service members and is associated with poor neuropsychiatric outcomes. Yet, there is a lack of reliable clinical tools for mTBI diagnosis and prognosis.

We developed a video-based tool to quantitatively assess the Glabellar Tap Reflex (GTR) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) as well as healthy age-matched participants. We also video-graphically assessed the effect of dopaminergic medication on the GTR in iPD patients, as well as the frequency and blinking duration of reflex and non-reflex blinks. The Glabellar Tap Reflex is a clinical sign seen in patients e.g. suffering from iPD. Reliable tools to quantify this sign are lacking.

has been proposed as a modifier of disease risk in FTLD-TDP, particularly in mutation carriers. Furthermore, has been investigated as a disease modifier in the context of healthy aging and across multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the effect of on gray matter volume and cognition in each of the common genetic FTD groups and in sporadic FTD patients.

Virtual reality (VR) interventions, based on cognitive behavioral therapy principles, have been proven effective as complementary tools in managing obesity and have been associated with promoting healthy behaviors and addressing body image concerns. However, they have not fully addressed certain underlying causes of obesity, such as a lack of motivation to change, low self-efficacy, and the impact of weight stigma interiorization, which often impede treatment adherence and long-term lifestyle habit changes. To tackle these concerns, this study introduces the VR self-counseling paradigm, which incorporates embodiment and body-swapping techniques, along with motivational strategies, to help people living with obesity effectively address some of the root causes of their condition.

Plasma levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a pivotal regulator of differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurons, are reportedly decreased in schizophrenia. To explore the involvement of GDNF in the pathogenesis of the disease, a case-control association analysis was performed between five non-coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the GDNF gene and schizophrenia. Of them, the 'G' allele of the rs11111 SNP located in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the gene was found to associate with schizophrenia. In silico analysis revealed that the rs11111 'G' allele might create binding sites for three microRNA (miRNA) species. To explore the significance of this polymorphism, transient co-transfection assays were performed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells with a luciferase reporter construct harboring either the 'A' or 'G' allele of the 3'-UTR of GDNF in combination with the hsa-miR-1185-1-3p pre-miRNA. It was demonstrated that in the presence of the rs11111 'G' (but not the 'A') allele, hsa-miR-1185-2-3p repressed luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Deletion of the miRNA binding site or its substitution with the complementary sequence abrogated the modulatory effect. Our results imply that the rs11111 'G' allele occurring more frequently in patients with schizophrenia might downregulate GDNF expression in a miRNA-dependent fashion.

Shortening telomere length (TL) is an important ageing marker associated with substance use disorder (SUD). However, the influence of psychiatric and clinical comorbidities and alcohol-related outcomes has not been much explored in the context of TL in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and may be a source of heterogeneity in AUD studies. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the influence of AUD, alcohol-related outcomes, and common psychiatric comorbidities on TL in men with AUD and healthy controls (HC).

Perinatal substance use can have significant adverse effects on maternal and child health and family stability. Few interventions are specifically designed to address this significant public health problem. The Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP) is a 3-year case management and home-visiting intervention that seeks to help birthing persons with at-risk substance use during pregnancy to achieve and maintain substance use disorder recovery and avoid exposing future children to substances prenatally. At-risk refers to a level of substance use that creates problems in the individuals' lives or puts them or their children at risk of harm either prenatally or postnatally. Although the program has consistently shown substantial pre- to post-intervention improvements in its participants, PCAP remains to be tested with a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT). This study protocol describes a randomized controlled trial that aims to examine the effectiveness of the intervention compared to services as usual in affecting primary outcomes related to substance use and family planning. Secondary outcomes will concern connection to recovery support services and family preservation.

Thalamocortical loops have a central role in cognition and motor control, but precisely how they contribute to these processes is unclear. Recent studies showing evidence of plasticity in thalamocortical synapses indicate a role for the thalamus in shaping cortical dynamics through learning. Since signals undergo a compression from the cortex to the thalamus, we hypothesized that the computational role of the thalamus depends critically on the structure of corticothalamic connectivity. To test this, we identified the optimal corticothalamic structure that promotes biologically plausible learning in thalamocortical synapses. We found that corticothalamic projections specialized to communicate an efference copy of the cortical output benefit motor control, while communicating the modes of highest variance is optimal for working memory tasks. We analyzed neural recordings from mice performing grasping and delayed discrimination tasks and found corticothalamic communication consistent with these predictions. These results suggest that the thalamus orchestrates cortical dynamics in a functionally precise manner through structured connectivity.

We present a case study of a young male with a history of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS), diagnosed with systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) who presented with acute onset of diffuse anasarca and sub-comatose obtundation. We hypothesized that his co-presentation of neurological sequelae might be due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) susceptibility conferred by the 22q11.2 deletion, a phenotype that we have previously identified in 22qDS. Using pre- and post-intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) patient serum, we studied circulating biomarkers of inflammation and assessed the potential susceptibility of the 22qDS BBB. We employed in vitro cultures of differentiated BBB-like endothelial cells derived from a 22qDS patient and a healthy control. We found evidence of peripheral inflammation and increased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alongside endothelial cells in circulation. We report that the patient's serum significantly impairs barrier function of the 22qDS BBB compared to control. Only two other cases of pediatric SCLS with neurologic symptoms have been reported, and genetic risk factors have been suggested in both instances. As the third case to be reported, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic susceptibility of the BBB conferred by genes such as claudin-5 deleted in the 22q11.2 region promoted neurologic involvement during SCLS in this patient.

In the present study, we explored the association between major dietary patterns, odds, and severity of anxiety disorders, which has not been clarified to date. This case-control study was conducted on 85 patients who were group-matched by gender with 170 healthy subjects. Dietary intakes were evaluated applying a 147-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric data collection was accomplished based on precise clinical assessments. Major dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to investigate the association of the identified dietary patterns with anxiety disorders. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the GAD-7 score and major dietary pattern scores. Three major dietary patterns were derived through PCA labeled as 'healthy', 'Western', and 'Mixed'. Those in the top tertile of the healthy dietary pattern were less likely to have anxiety disorders (OR =   0.26; 95%CI: 0.10, 0.66), while no significant relationship was found between Western and mixed dietary patterns and the odds of anxiety disorders. The severity of anxiety disorders, assessed by the GAD-7 score, was reduced by higher adherence to healthy dietary pattern ( = 0.003), and increased by greater adherence to mixed ( = 0.002) and Western ( = 0.001) dietary patterns. We provided evidence demonstrating an inverse association of healthy dietary pattern with odds, and severity of anxiety disorders. Also, higher adherence to Western and mixed dietary patterns resulted in greater GAD-7 scores.

A microdeletion including the SNORD116 gene (SNORD116 MD) has been shown to drive the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) features. PWS is a neurodevelopmental disorder clinically characterized by endocrine impairment, intellectual disability and psychiatric symptoms such as a lack of emotional regulation, impulsivity, and intense temper tantrums with outbursts. In addition, this syndrome is associated with a nutritional trajectory characterized by addiction-like behavior around food in adulthood. PWS is related to the genetic loss of expression of a minimal region that plays a potential role in epigenetic regulation. Nevertheless, the role of the SNORD116 MD in DNA methylation, as well as the impact of the oxytocin (OXT) on it, have never been investigated in human neurons.

Based on patient-reported outcomes data analyzed at the provider level, there is evidence that psychotherapists can possess effectiveness strengths and weaknesses when treating patients with different presenting concerns. These within-therapist differences hold promise for personalizing care by prospectively matching patients to therapists' historical effectiveness strengths. In a double-masked randomized controlled trial (RCT; NCT02990000), such matching outperformed pragmatically determined usual case assignment-which leaves personalized, measurement-based matching to chance-in naturalistic outpatient psychotherapy (Constantino et al., JAMA Psychiatry 78:960-969, 2021). Demonstrating that personalization can be even more precise, some research has demonstrated that the strength of this positive match effect was moderated by certain patient characteristics. Notably, though, it could also be that matching is especially important for some therapists to achieve more effective outcomes. Examining this novel question, the present study drew on the Constantino et al. (JAMA Psychiatry 78:960-969, 2021) trial data to explore three therapist-level moderators of matching: (a) effectiveness "spread" (i.e., greater performance variability across patients' presenting problem domains), (b) overestimation of their measurement-based and problem-specific effectiveness, and (c) the frequency with which they use patient-reported routine outcomes monitoring in their practice. Patients were 206 adults, randomized to the match or control condition, treated by 40 therapists who were crossed over conditions. The therapist variables were assessed at the trial's baseline and patients' symptomatic/functional impairment and global distress were assessed regularly up to 16 weeks of treatment. Hierarchical linear models revealed that only therapist effectiveness spread significantly moderated the match effect for the global distress outcome; for therapists with more spread, the match effect was more pronounced, whereas the match effect was minimal for therapists with less effectiveness spread. Notably, two therapist-level covariates unexpectedly emerged as significant moderators for the symptomatic/functional impairment outcome; for clinicians who consistently treated patients with higher versus lower average severity levels and who relatedly treated a higher proportion of patients with primary presenting problems of substance misuse or violence, the beneficial match effect was even stronger. Thus, measurement-based matching may be especially potent for therapists with more variable effectiveness across problem domains, and who consistently treat patients with more severe presenting concerns or with particular primary problems, which provides further precision in conceptualizing personalized care.

Smoking is a major risk factor for the global burden of stroke. We have previously reported a global population attributable risk (PAR) of stroke of 12.4% associated with current smoking. In this study we aimed to explore the association of current tobacco use with different types of tobacco exposure and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on the risk of stroke and stroke subtypes, and by regions and country income levels.

There is conflicting evidence on the suicide rates of different public safety personnel (PSP). There have been few studies that compare suicides in PSP with the general population and none that have used a detailed comparison of coroner records. The current study estimates suicide rates among different PSP and compares PSP suicides with the general population. We identified coroner records of PSP suicides from January 2014 to December 2018 and compared each one to two matched general population controls. We identified 36 PSP suicides and 72 general population controls. Police had a higher suicide rate than other PSP groups. PSP were more likely to die by firearm, be separated/divorced or married, die in a motor vehicle, have problems at work, and have a PTSD diagnosis. PSP were less likely to die by jumping. The study may have not identified all PSP suicides. Apart from the cause of death, data in coroner records are not systematically collected, so information may be incomplete. PSP suicides appear different than the general population. Death records need to have an occupation identifier to enable monitoring of trends in occupational groups, such as PSP.

Diagnostic challenges continue to impede development of effective therapies for successful management of alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), thus creating an unmet need to identify and develop non-invasive biomarkers for AH. In murine models of ethanol-induced liver injury, complement activation contributes to hepatic inflammation and injury. Therefore, we hypothesized that complement proteins could be rational diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in AH. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of data derived from the human hepatic and serum proteome to identify and characterize complement protein signatures in severe AH (sAH). The quantity of multiple complement proteins was perturbed in liver and serum proteome of patients with sAH. Multiple complement proteins differentiated patients with sAH from those with alcohol cirrhosis (AC), alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls (HCs). Notably, serum collectin 11 and C1q binding protein were strongly associated with sAH and exhibited good discriminatory performance amongst patients with sAH, AC, AUD, and HCs. Furthermore, complement component receptor 1-like protein (CR1L) was negatively associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, lower serum mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease 1 and coagulation factor II were associated with and independently predicted 90-day mortality. In summary, meta-analysis of proteomic profiles from liver and circulation revealed complement protein signatures of sAH, highlighting a complex perturbation of complement and identifying potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for patients with sAH.

Fatigue is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD), but even so, it may still be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in current practice due to its non-specific manifestations. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of fatigue in PD patients compared to healthy controls and to identify the main characteristics and associations of fatigue with other non-motor symptoms and the impact of fatigue on sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease.

The mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents are unclear. Metabolomics has been utilized to capture metabolic signatures of various psychiatric disorders; however, urinary metabolic profile of MDD in children and adolescents has not been studied.

A major genetic risk factor for psychosis is 22q11.2 deletion (22q11.2DS). However, robust and replicable functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis remain elusive due to small sample sizes and a focus on small single-site cohorts. Here, we identify functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis, and their links with idiopathic early psychosis, using one of the largest multi-cohort data to date. We obtained multi-cohort clinical phenotypic and task-free fMRI data from 856 participants (101 22q11.2DS, 120 idiopathic early psychosis, 101 idiopathic autism, 123 idiopathic ADHD, and 411 healthy controls) in a case-control design. A novel spatiotemporal deep neural network (stDNN)-based analysis was applied to the multi-cohort data to identify functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis. Next, stDNN was used to test the hypothesis that the functional brain signatures of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis overlap with idiopathic early psychosis but not with autism and ADHD. stDNN-derived brain signatures distinguished 22q11.2DS from controls, and 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis with very high accuracies (86-94%) in the primary cohort and two fully independent cohorts without additional training. Robust distinguishing features of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis emerged in the anterior insula node of the salience network and the striatum node of the dopaminergic reward pathway. These features also distinguished individuals with idiopathic early psychosis from controls, but not idiopathic autism or ADHD. Our results reveal that individuals with 22q11.2DS exhibit a highly distinct functional brain organization compared to controls. Additionally, the brain signatures of 22q11.2DS-associated psychosis overlap with those of idiopathic early psychosis in the salience network and dopaminergic reward pathway, providing substantial empirical support for the theoretical aberrant salience-based model of psychosis. Collectively, our findings, replicated across multiple independent cohorts, advance the understanding of 22q11.2DS and associated psychosis, underscoring the value of 22q11.2DS as a genetic model for probing the neurobiological underpinnings of psychosis and its progression.

The Vietnamese Smell Identification Test (VSIT) has been validated in determining olfactory dysfunction in the Vietnamese population; however, its value in diagnosing Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been established.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is relatively rare, behavioral and motor symptoms increase travel burden, and standard neuropsychological tests are not sensitive to early-stage disease. Remote smartphone-based cognitive assessments could mitigate these barriers to trial recruitment and success, but no such tools are validated for FTLD.

Depression is associated with higher rates of premature mortality in people with physical comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes. Conceptually, the successful treatment of depression in people with type 2 diabetes could prevent premature mortality.

Both depression and insomnia are found to be more prevalent in cancer patients compared to the general population. This study compared the network structures of depression and insomnia among cancer patients versus cancer-free participants (controls hereafter).

Previous large-sample postmortem study revealed that the expression of miR-1202 in brain tissues from Brodmann area 44 (BA44) was dysregulated in patients with major depressive disorder (MDDs). However, the specific in vivo neuropathological mechanism of miR-1202 as well as its interplay with BA44 circuits in the depressed brain are still unclear. Here, we performed a case-control study with imaging-genetic approach based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and miR-1202 quantification from 110 medication-free MDDs and 102 healthy controls. Serum-derived circulating exosomes that readily cross the blood-brain barrier were isolated to quantify miR-1202. For validation, repeated MR scans were performed after a six-week follow-up of antidepressant treatment on a cohort of MDDs. Voxelwise factorial analysis revealed two brain areas (including the striatal-thalamic region) in which the effect of depression on the functional connectivity with BA44 was significantly dependent on the expression level of exosomal miR-1202. Moreover, longitudinal change of the BA44 connectivity with the striatal-thalamic region in MDDs after antidepressant treatment was found to be significantly related to the level of miR-1202 expression. These findings revealed that the in vivo neuropathological effect of miR-1202 dysregulation in depression is possibly exerted by mediating neural functional abnormalities in BA44-striatal-thalamic circuits.

It is of interest whether inflammatory biomarkers can improve dementia prediction models, such as the widely used Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) model.

Romantic relationship dissolutions (RRDs) are associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Functional magnetic resonance imaging in RRD studies indicate overlapping neural activation similar to posttraumatic stress disorder. These studies combine real and hypothetical rejection, and lack contextual information and control and/or comparison groups exposed to non-RRD or DSM-5 defined traumatic events.

Domestic violence (DV) is a serious and prevalent public health problem with devastating consequences for the victims and their families. Whilst the number of cases reported to the authorities has risen in recent years, many victims still chose not to present a complaint. In Portugal, to address this, DV became a public crime. As victims of DV present multiple health problems and frequently seek professional help, family doctors are in a privileged position to detect and report cases of DV to the authorities. However, little is known about what motivates these professionals to report or not the DV cases they encounter in their practice to the authorities.

The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing as the population ages, and patients with AD have a poor prognosis. However, knowledge on factors for predicting the survival of AD remains sparse. Here, we aimed to systematically explore predictors of AD survival. We searched the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases for relevant literature from inception to December 2022. Cohort and case-control studies were selected, and multivariable adjusted relative risks (RRs) were pooled by random-effects models. A total of 40,784 reports were identified, among which 64 studies involving 297,279 AD patients were included in the meta-analysis after filtering based on predetermined criteria. Four aspects, including demographic features (n = 7), clinical features or comorbidities (n = 13), rating scales (n = 3) and biomarkers (n = 3), were explored and 26 probable prognostic factors were finally investigated for AD survival. We observed that AD patients who had hyperlipidaemia (RR: 0.69) were at a lower risk of death. In contrast, male sex (RR: 1.53), movement disorders (including extrapyramidal signs) (RR: 1.60) and cancer (RR: 2.07) were detrimental to AD patient survival. However, our results did not support the involvement of education, hypertension, APOE genotype, Aβ and t-tau in AD survival. Our study comprehensively summarized risk factors affecting survival in patients with AD, provided a better understanding on the role of different factors in the survival of AD from four dimensions, and paved the way for further research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety disorder, hopelessness, and suicide among first-degree relatives of patients hospitalised in medical and anaesthesia intensive care units at an academic medical centre.

To identify if a predetermined set of potential risk factors are associated with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (SDCP) in term-born children.

Introduction Pregnancy holds significant cultural and social value for women. However, women facing challenges in conceiving often grapple with emotional distress, including depression and anxiety. The connection between psychological elements (stress, anxiety, and depression) and infertility is complex, influenced by multiple factors, and bidirectional. Infertile women are more likely to develop mental illnesses, marital dissatisfaction, and impaired quality of life compared to the individuals of the fertile group. Thus, the study aimed to assess levels of anxiety, depression, and quality of life among infertile women compared to fertile women. Methods This case-control study conducted at a tertiary care center recruited 100 nulliparous women between the age group of 20 and 38 years with primary or secondary infertility, while those with male factor infertility were excluded. The control group (N=100) comprised normal parous women who had at least one child. The primary objective of the study was to assess the impact of infertility on the mental health and quality of life of women seeking infertility treatment. Outcome measures included standardized tools such as the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to assess the quality of life across multiple domains (e.g., physical, psychological, social, and environmental) as well as the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the tool's reliability. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Baseline sociodemographic parameters were comparable between the two groups. The mean age of infertile women was 30.6±3.9 years compared to 31.5±3.2 years in fertile women (P=0.076). Using the WHOQOL-BREF scale, we found that the quality of life was better in the fertile group compared to the infertile group through all the physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains (P<0.001). The infertile group had a significantly higher number of women with anxiety, depression, and stress. The questionnaires showed high internal reliability. Conclusion Infertile women experienced a lower quality of life in various domains, higher levels of anxiety, and increased rates of depression compared to fertile counterparts. The study findings underscore the multidimensional impact of infertility, emphasizing the need for comprehensive healthcare approaches to address the psychosocial challenges faced by women undergoing infertility treatment.

Hikikomori (HK) is characterized by self-isolation and social refusal, being more likely also associated with affective disorders, including depression. This case-control study primarily aimed at identifying (if any) predominant affective temperaments are associated with HK in depressed versus not-depressed individuals. Secondary objectives comprise assessing which other psychopathological dimensions (e.g., boredom, anxiety) are associated with the HK specifier in depressed individuals.

Grasping the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still a work in progress, and existing diagnostic techniques encounter various obstacles. Therefore, the discovery of dependable biomarkers is essential for early detection, tracking the disease's advancement, and steering treatment strategies.

Bariatric surgery is a commonly performed procedure for patients who have failed to achieve weight loss through medical and lifestyle interventions. However, the altered gastrointestinal anatomy resulting from the surgery can significantly impact the bioavailability of antidepressants in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, potentially leading to uncontrolled anxiety symptoms. This case report describes a patient with generalized anxiety disorder who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and subsequently experienced increased anxiety symptoms due to poor antidepressant bioavailability. The patient's medication was adjusted to a sublingual formulation, resulting in improved anxiety control and reduced side effects. Healthcare providers should be aware of the potential impact of bariatric surgery on medication absorption and closely monitor patients with generalized anxiety disorder for potential psychiatric medication-related complications postoperatively. The use of alternative routes of administration, such as sublingual medication, may be beneficial in improving drug bioavailability and managing anxiety symptoms. Creating awareness in primary care offices about poor drug absorption and using alternatives such as the sublingual route of administration to achieve optimal systemic delivery requires a multifaceted approach involving education and training for healthcare providers as well as patient education to ensure they are informed and engaged in their own care. By implementing these strategies, primary care providers can improve patient outcomes and prevent unnecessary referrals to specialists.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is heritable neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but environmental risk factors have also been suggested to a play a role in its development. Prenatal, perinatal and parental factors have been associated with an increased risk of ASD in children. The aim of the present study was to explore the prenatal, perinatal, and parenting risk factors in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from Beijing, China by comparing them with typically developing (TD) children.

Acrylamide is a probable carcinogen. Its main sources are the diet and tobacco. The association between acrylamide intake from the diet and tobacco and prostate cancer (PCa) has not been previously evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary acrylamide intake and exposure to acrylamide through cigarettes and PCa risk. A population-based case-control (CAPLIFE) study was conducted, including 428 incident PCa cases and 393 controls. Smoking and dietary information, with a validated food frequency questionnaire, was collected. We calculated the amount of acrylamide from both sources, and tertiles (Ts) were created. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to assess the association between exposure to acrylamide and PCa risk. The median was similar for acrylamide in both dietary and smoking acrylamide among PCa cases and controls. No association was observed between dietary acrylamide intake and overall PCa risk (adjusted OR = 0.90 (95% CI 0.59, 1.37)). A risk trend was observed for acrylamide exposure from cigarette smoking (-trend = 0.032), with the highest odds in those subjects with the high exposure to acrylamide through cigarettes (adjusted OR = 1.67 (95% CI 0.92, 3.04)). The restricted cubic splines suggested a linear relationship. In conclusion, acrylamide from smoking could be positively associated with PCa risk, but no association was observed for dietary acrylamide.

The possible tendency of subjects to decrease, hide, or omit symptomatic aspects of their mental functioning is one of the main problems in forensic psychological and psychiatric evaluations. We aimed at verifying the possible existence of significant differences in the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) scales scores between a sample of dissimulators ( = 40) and their non-dissimulator counterpart matched by age, sex, and diagnosis. Cases and comparisons were retrieved from the archive of a single university forensic psychiatric centre between 2013 and 2022. Results showed statistically significant higher scores in the sample of dissimulators in the Desirability, Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Compulsive MCMI-III scales than in the comparison sample. Point biserial correlation test disclosed a strong positive correlation between the Desirability, Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Compulsive scales of the MCMI-III and being in the dissimulator group of subjects while a negative correlation emerged for all the other scales except drug dependence.

Remote monitoring of cognition holds the promise to facilitate case-finding in clinical care and the individual detection of cognitive impairment in clinical and research settings. In the context of Alzheimer's disease, this is particularly relevant for patients who seek medical advice due to memory problems. Here, we develop a remote digital memory composite (RDMC) score from an unsupervised remote cognitive assessment battery focused on episodic memory and long-term recall and assess its construct validity, retest reliability, and diagnostic accuracy when predicting MCI-grade impairment in a memory clinic sample and healthy controls. A total of 199 participants were recruited from three cohorts and included as healthy controls (n = 97), individuals with subjective cognitive decline (n = 59), or patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 43). Participants performed cognitive assessments in a fully remote and unsupervised setting via a smartphone app. The derived RDMC score is significantly correlated with the PACC5 score across participants and demonstrates good retest reliability. Diagnostic accuracy for discriminating memory impairment from no impairment is high (cross-validated AUC = 0.83, 95% CI [0.66, 0.99]) with a sensitivity of 0.82 and a specificity of 0.72. Thus, unsupervised remote cognitive assessments implemented in the neotiv digital platform show good discrimination between cognitively impaired and unimpaired individuals, further demonstrating that it is feasible to complement the neuropsychological assessment of episodic memory with unsupervised and remote assessments on mobile devices. This contributes to recent efforts to implement remote assessment of episodic memory for case-finding and monitoring in large research studies and clinical care.

Although there are many case reports and qualitative studies on the likely positive effects of drama on mental health there have been few quantitative studies with mentally ill patients.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with a wide range of behavioral and cognitive impairments. While genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to its etiology, the underlying metabolic perturbations associated with ASD which can potentially connect genetic and environmental factors, remain poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a metabolomic case-control study and performed a comprehensive analysis to identify significant alterations in metabolite profiles between children with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed antidepressants associated with a small increased risk of major bleeding. However, the risk of bleeding associated with the concomitant use of SSRIs and oral anticoagulants (OACs) has not been well characterized.

Depression's link to serotonin dysregulation is well-known. The monoamine theory posits that depression results from impaired serotonin activity, leading to the development of antidepressants targeting serotonin levels. However, their limited efficacy suggests a more complex cause. Recent studies highlight mitochondria as key players in depression's pathophysiology. Mounting evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction significantly correlates with major depressive disorder (MDD), underscoring its pivotal role in depression. Exploring the serotonin-mitochondrial connection, our study investigated the effects of chronic serotonin treatment on induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes and neurons from healthy controls and two case study patients. One was a patient with antidepressant non-responding MDD ("Non-R") and another had a non-genetic mitochondrial disorder ("Mito"). The results revealed that serotonin altered the expression of genes related to mitochondrial function and dynamics in neurons and had an equalizing effect on calcium homeostasis in astrocytes, while ATP levels seemed increased. Serotonin significantly decreased cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium in neurons. Electrophysiological measurements evidenced that serotonin depolarized the resting membrane potential, increased both sodium and potassium current density and ultimately improved the overall excitability of neurons. Specifically, neurons from the Non-R patient appeared responsive to serotonin in vitro, which seemed to improve neurotransmission. While it is unclear how this translates to the systemic level and AD resistance mechanisms are not fully elucidated, our observations show that despite his treatment resistance, this patient's cortical neurons are responsive to serotonergic signals. In the Mito patient, evidence suggested that serotonin, by increasing excitability, exacerbated an existing hyperexcitability highlighting the importance of considering mitochondrial disorders in patients with MDD, and avoiding serotonin-increasing medication. Taken together, our findings suggested that serotonin positively affects calcium homeostasis in astrocytes and increases neuronal excitability. The latter effect must be considered carefully, as it could have beneficial or detrimental implications based on individual pathologies.

Palliative psychiatry is an emerging field that suggests a role for palliative interventions in the management of severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). Current literature describes using a palliative approach for patients with severe anorexia nervosa. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing end-of-life care in a patient with treatment-refractory catatonic schizophrenia.

Manic depressive psychosis (MDP) or bipolar disorder, a prevalent psychiatric condition globally and in the Indian population, has been attributed to various pathological mechanisms. Hydrogen sulphide (HS), a member of the gasotransmitter family, may be linked to the development of bipolar disorder because it plays a crucial role in maintaining proper neuronal function in terms of excitability, plasticity, and homeostatic functions. There is very little data regarding the role of the gasotransmitter HS in MDP in terms of its association, diagnostic ability, and severity prediction, which led us to conduct this study among MDP patients in the Sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal.

The clinical presentations of dry eye disease (DED) and depression (DEP) often comanifest. However, the robustness and the mechanisms underlying this association were undetermined.

Eating disorders (ED) and affective disorders (AD) in adolescent population and several investigations have pointed out that specific family dynamics play a major role in the onset, course, and maintenance of both disorders. The aim of this study was to extend the literature of this topic by exploring differences between parents' personality traits, coping strategies, and expressed emotion comparing groups of adolescents with different mental conditions (anorexia nervosa vs. affective disorder vs. control group) with a case-control study design. A total of 50 mothers and 50 fathers of 50 girls with anorexia nervosa (AN), 40 mothers and 40 fathers of 40 girls with affective disorder (AD), and 50 mothers and 50 fathers of 50 girls with no pathology that conformed the control group (CG) were measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the COPE Inventory, the Family Questionnaire (FQ), and psychopathology variables, anxiety, and depression. Both parents of girls with AN showed a significant difference in personality, coping strategies, and expressed emotion compared to both parents in the CG, while they presented more similarities to parents of girls in the AD group. Identifying personality traits, expressed emotion, coping strategies, and psychopathology of parents and their daughters will allow improvements in the interventions with the adolescents, parents, and families.

Significant disparities continue to exist in the HIV care continuum, whereby Hispanic and Black people living with HIV (PLWH) are less likely to achieve viral suppression compared to their White counterparts. Studies have shown that intervention approaches that involve peer navigation may play an important role in supporting patients to stay engaged in HIV care. However, implementation may be challenging in real-world settings where there are limited resources to support peer navigators. Combining a peer navigation approach with scalable mobile health (mHealth) technology may improve impact and implementation outcomes.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can occur in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and pulmonary embolism causes death in a minority of cases. The benefits of preventing VTE must be weighed against the risks. An accurate estimate of the incidence of VTE in ALS is crucial to assessing this balance.

Large-scale biobanks provide important opportunities for mental health research, but selection biases raise questions regarding the comparability of individuals with those in clinical research settings.

The addition of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) into the ICD-11 chapter on mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders has greatly stimulated research and controversy around compulsive sexual behavior, or what has been termed "hypersexual disorder," "sexual addiction," "porn addiction," "sexual compulsivity," and "out-of-control sexual behavior."

Cumulative low-level blast exposure during military training may be a significant occupational hazard, increasing the risk of poor long-term outcomes in brain function. US Public Law 116-92 section 717 mandates that US Department of Defense agencies document the blast exposure of each Service member to help inform later disability and health care decisions. However, which empirical measures of training blast exposure, such as the number of incidents, peak overpressure, or impulse, best inform changes in the neurobehavioral symptoms reflecting brain health have not been established.

The reported phenotypes of men with 47,XXY and 47,XYY syndromes include tall stature, multisystem comorbidities, and poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, knowledge about these sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) conditions has been derived from studies in the less than 15% of patients who are clinically diagnosed and also lack diversity in age and genetic ancestry.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and serious types of cancer globally. Previous literature has shown that women with mental illness may have an increased risk of breast cancer, however whether this risk is associated with the use of psychotropic drugs has yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess such risk among women with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). A nested case-control study design was used with data obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Logistic regression analysis with adjustments for demographic characteristics, medical and mental comorbidities, and all-cause clinical visits was performed to estimate the risk of breast cancer according to the cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD) of psychotropic drugs. The study included 1564 women with MDD or BD who had breast cancer, and 15,540 women with MDD or BD who did not have breast cancer. After adjusting for important confounders, the long-term use of valproic acid (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.58, 0.39-0.56, cDDD ≥ 365), citalopram (0.58, 0.37-0.91, cDDD 180-365), and sertraline (0.77, 0.61-0.91, cDDD ≥ 365) was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer compared to a cDDD < 30. The short-term use of fluvoxamine (0.82, 0.69-0.96, cDDD 30-180), olanzapine (0.54, 0.33-0.89, cDDD 30-179), risperidone (0.7, 0.51-0.98, cDDD 30-179), and chlorpromazine (0.48, 0.25-0.90, cDDD 30-179) was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. We found no evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer in patients with MDD or BD receiving psychotropic drugs.

Children with new-onset epilepsies often exhibit co-morbidities including cognitive dysfunction, which adversely affects academic performance. Application of unsupervised machine learning techniques has demonstrated the presence of discrete cognitive phenotypes at or near the time of diagnosis, but there is limited knowledge of their longitudinal trajectories. Here we investigate longitudinally the presence and progression of cognitive phenotypes and academic status in youth with new-onset seizures as sibling controls.

The clinical profiles of methamphetamine-induced psychosis (MIP) and schizophrenia are largely overlapping making differentiation challenging. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to compare the positive and negative symptoms of MIP and schizophrenia to better understand the differences between them.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) patients have disproportionately poor oral health outcomes owing to a multidimensional set of factors, such as pathophysiology of the disease, drug-related adverse effects and lower utilization rate of dental healthcare services. The aim of the present observational study was to compare the indicators of dental and periodontal health in patients with SCZ to those of nonaffected healthy controls; furthermore, the influence of various anamnestic factors and lifestyle habits on oral health status were also assessed. A total of 50 SCZ patients-in remission-receiving treatment at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, were compared with 50 age- and gender-matched healthy controls attending the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged. Participants' dental (decayed, missing and filled surfaces [DMF-S] and decayed, missing and filled teeth [DMF-T]) and periodontal (plaque index [%], bleeding on probing [BOP%], pocket depth [PD] and attachment loss [AL]) status was measured according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. In total, 74.0%, 80.0% and 78.0% of SCZ patients received second-generation antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and mood stabilizers, respectively. Patients with SCZ had significantly higher DMFs (81.30 ± 40.16 vs. 61.64 ± 40.56; = 0.010), D (8.18 ± 7.73 vs. 4.18 ± 4.22; < 0.001) and DMF-T (18.20 ± 8.36 vs. 14.42 ± 8.21; = 0.024) scores but significantly lower F (1.84 ± 0.29 vs. 4.62 ± 3.98; < 0.001) scores compared to the controls; male subjects had significantly lower DMFs (74.52 ± 39.72 vs. 90.67 ± 39.1; = 0.020) and DMF-T (16.52 ± 8.12 vs. 20.52 ± 8.32; = 0.031) scores. Additionally, SCZ patients had significantly higher plaque indices (56.96 ± 23.19 vs. 27.44 ± 17.53; < 0.001), BOP% (58.96 ± 22.89 vs. 23.56 ± 17.53; < 0.001), PD (2.84 ± 0.67 vs. 2.19 ± 0.49; = 0.024) and AL (3.39 ± 1.72 vs. 2.49 ± 0.76; < 0.001) values compared to controls. Smoking > 10 cigarettes/day was associated with worse dental and periodontal indices, while consuming ≥ 4 units/week of alcohol was associated with worse periodontal indices, respectively ( < 0.05 in all cases). In contrast, coffee consumption rates and vitamin supplementation status had no significant effect on oral health status indicators. Our study highlights the overall poor oral health status of individuals affected by SCZ and the need for targeted preventive interventions.

Inpatient suicide remains difficult to predict. This study aimed to identify individual patient predictors to help identify those at greater risk.

Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, plays a complex role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and has also garnered attention for its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The objective of this study was to investigate the association of variants with plasma adiponectin levels and LOAD risk in subjects from the Slovak Caucasian population. For this purpose, 385 LOAD patients and 533 controls without cognitive impairment were recruited and genotyped for a total of eighteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Both single-locus and haplotype-based logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the association of SNPs with LOAD risk, while linear regression analysis was used to explore their influence on adiponectin levels in LOAD patients. variants rs822395 and rs2036373 in intron 1 were found to significantly elevate total adiponectin levels after accounting for several potential confounders. Additional SNPs in the 5' region and intron 1 exhibited a non-significant trend of association with adiponectin. However, none of the SNPs showed an association with LOAD risk, neither in the whole-group analysis nor in subgroup analyses after stratification for sex or the ε4 allele, a well-established LOAD risk factor. In summary, while adiponectin has emerged as a potential contributor to the development of LOAD, this study did not unveil any significant involvement of its gene variants in susceptibility to the disease.

Olanzapine treatment sometimes produces transient liver biochemistry abnormalities, and such drug-induced liver injuries are mainly monitored by measuring blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), whereas alpha-glutathione-S-transferase (α-GST) is not routinely measured in clinics, even though it can serve as an earlier and more specific biomarker of liver damage. Susceptibility to drug-induced liver injury can much depend on the gene polymorphisms regulating the activity of DNA detoxification and repair enzymes. The aim of this study was to evaluate which of the three liver enzymes - α-GST, ALT, and AST - is the most sensitive biomarker of olanzapine-induced liver injury and how their blood levels are affected by the , , and gene polymorphisms in 30 olanzapine-treated patients. Contrary to our hypothesis, the increase in serum α-GST levels was not significantly greater than that of the transaminases. ALT turned out to be an earlier biomarker of liver injury than the other two enzymes. No significant association was found between gene polymorphisms and liver enzyme levels, save for and ALT, which points to this genotype as a risk factor for drug-induced liver injury. Future studies might help to identify the underlying mechanisms of transient liver enzyme increase associated with this genotype.

Background Enuresis, or bedwetting, is a common condition affecting millions of children worldwide. This can be a source of distress for both children and their families. Children, adolescents, and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at risk of developing enuresis. They have difficulties with executive functioning, including impulse control and emotional regulation. These difficulties may contribute to the development of enuresis, as individuals may struggle to recognize the urge to use the bathroom or have difficulty controlling their bladder during sleep. Objective To assess the prevalence of enuresis in children, adolescents, and young adults with ADHD and determine whether the presence of other behavioral disorders such anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, and autism comorbid with ADHD is a risk factor for developing enuresis. Method A case-control study included 213 children, adolescents, and young adults aged seven to 23 years, with 139 males and 74 females. A total of 161 participants were diagnosed with ADHD. Data collection consisted of a semi-structured interview conducted with each participant or their parents in person during their visit to Developmental Pediatric Clinics and Psychiatry Clinics. The questions were designed to collect data on the participant's ADHD diagnosis, enuresis history, other behavioral disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and learning difficulties, and any relevant medical or developmental history. The interview lasted approximately 30 minutes. Results Children, adolescents, and young adults with ADHD had a significantly higher prevalence of enuresis than the control group (13.6% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.01). Other behavioral disorders comorbid with ADHD did not pose a statistically significant risk for the development of enuresis (p = 0.36). Conclusions This study supports that children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with ADHD are more likely to have enuresis than those without ADHD. This finding is consistent with previous research and emphasizes the importance of a thorough evaluation and comprehensive treatment plan for individuals with ADHD.

Substance use disorder (SUD) remains a significant public health issue, with a high relapse rate even after detoxification treatment. Family dysfunction has been identified as a closely related factor contributing to relapse in individuals with SUD. The objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of family climate in the relapse tendency among patients with SUD.

Trance and possession disorder (TPD) is an intriguing and complex phenomenon in the realm of psychology and psychiatry. Trance is characterized by a state of temporary marked alteration in the state of consciousness without replacement by an alternate identity, with either a narrowing of awareness of immediate surroundings or behaviors that are beyond one's control. Possession is defined as an episode of alteration in the state of consciousness with the replacement of the customary sense of personal identity by a new identity, identified by the patient or his entourage as the spirit of an animal, a deceased individual, a deity, or a power. This often manifests culturally and contextually, varying in intensity and duration across different societies and belief systems, which could be due to an interplay of emotional stress and repressed emotions, domestic discord, or sociocultural issues. We report a case from Maharashtra, India, involving a patient diagnosed with TPD with underlying dysthymia. This case also highlights the complex interplay between these two psychiatric conditions and how managing one condition subsequently ceased the trance episodes.

Numerous therapeutic and dietary interventions have been examined in the last thirty years for pediatric patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our interventional study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the gluten-free, casein-free (GFCF) diet in a cohort of Egyptian children with ASD.

Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is becoming more of a public health issue in Georgia State, with health and social effects affecting both people and communities. This study aimed to investigate attributes that may affect the accessibility of treatment among the methamphetamine-use population in the state of Georgia.

Progressive supranuclear palsy is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the deposition of four-repeat tau in neuronal and glial lesions in the brainstem, cerebellar, subcortical and cortical brain regions. There are varying clinical presentations of progressive supranuclear palsy with different neuroimaging signatures, presumed to be due to different topographical distributions and burden of tau. The classic Richardson syndrome presentation is considered a subcortical variant, whilst progressive supranuclear palsy with predominant speech and language impairment is considered a cortical variant, although the pathological underpinnings of these variants are unclear. In this case-control study, we aimed to determine whether patterns of regional tau pathology differed between these variants and whether tau burden correlated with neuroimaging. Thirty-three neuropathologically confirmed progressive supranuclear palsy patients with either the Richardson syndrome ( = 17) or speech/language ( = 16) variant and magnetic resonance imaging were included. Tau lesion burden was semi-quantitatively graded in cerebellar, brainstem, subcortical and cortical regions and combined to form neuronal and glial tau scores. Regional magnetic resonance imaging volumes were converted to -scores using 33 age- and sex-matched controls. Diffusion tensor imaging metrics, including fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity, were calculated. Tau burden and neuroimaging metrics were compared between groups and correlated using linear regression models. Neuronal and glial tau burden were higher in motor and superior frontal cortices in the speech/language variant. In the subcortical and brainstem regions, only the glial tau burden differed, with a higher burden in globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and red nucleus in Richardson's syndrome. No differences were observed in the cerebellar dentate and striatum. Greater volume loss was observed in the motor cortex in the speech/language variant and in the subthalamic nucleus, red nucleus and midbrain in Richardson's syndrome. Fractional anisotropy was lower in the midbrain and superior cerebellar peduncle in Richardson's syndrome. Mean diffusivity was greater in the superior frontal cortex in the speech/language variant and midbrain in Richardson's syndrome. Neuronal tau burden showed associations with volume loss, lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity in the superior frontal cortex, although these findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Results suggest that a shift in the distribution of tau, particularly neuronal tau, within the progressive supranuclear palsy network of regions is driving different clinical presentations in progressive supranuclear palsy. The possibility of different disease epicentres in these clinical variants has potential implications for the use of imaging biomarkers in progressive supranuclear palsy.

This study aims to assess the feasibility and cost of recruiting young Latino adults (aged 18-25 years) to participate in a vaping cessation study via social media and to describe the baseline characteristics of participants enrolled via social media.

Pregnant women with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) may develop active tuberculosis infection and could infect their neonates, which could impair the child's immune system due to infection-mediated immunological responses. In order to develop a preventative TB program in this study, we desired to understand the impact of calcitriol in LTBI pregnant women and immunological responses in neonates.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an impairing mental health condition with high prevalence among military and general populations alike. PTSD service dogs are a complementary and alternative intervention needing scientific validation. We investigated whether dogs can detect putative stress-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breath of people with trauma histories (54% with PTSD) exposed to personalized trauma cues.

There is a dearth of studies evaluating the utility of reporting prognostication among nursing home (NH) residents with cancer.

Brain fluid clearance by pathways including the recently described paravascular glymphatic system is a critical homeostatic mechanism by which metabolic products, toxins, and other wastes are removed from the brain. Brain fluid clearance may be especially important after traumatic brain injury (TBI), when blood, neuronal debris, inflammatory cells, and other substances can be released and/or deposited. Using a non-invasive dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) method that models the rate at which an intravenously injected radiolabeled molecule (in this case C-flumazenil) is cleared from ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we estimated the overall efficiency of brain fluid clearance in humans who had experienced complicated-mild or moderate TBI 3-6 months before neuroimaging ( = 7) as compared to healthy controls ( = 9). While there was no significant difference in ventricular clearance between TBI subjects and controls, there was a significant group difference in dependence of ventricular clearance upon tracer delivery/blood flow to the ventricles. Specifically, in controls, ventricular clearance was highly, linearly dependent upon blood flow to the ventricle, but this relation was disrupted in TBI subjects. When accounting for blood flow and group-specific alterations in blood flow, ventricular clearance was slightly (non-significantly) increased in TBI subjects as compared to controls. Current results contrast with past studies showing reduced glymphatic function after TBI and are consistent with possible differential effects of TBI on glymphatic versus non-glymphatic clearance mechanisms. Further study using multi-modal methods capable of assessing and disentangling blood flow and different aspects of fluid clearance is needed to clarify clearance alterations after TBI.

Latest studies in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) have shown alterations in cardiovascular, immune and endocrinological systems. These findings could indicate a systemic onset alteration in the metabolic disease as opposed to justifying these findings exclusively by antipsychotics' side effects and long-term lifestyle consequences. In any case, this population is considered at higher risk for developing cardiometabolic disorders than their age-matched peers.

Suicide is a complex, multidimensional event, and a significant challenge for prevention globally. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged to harness large-scale datasets to enhance risk detection. In order to trust and act upon the predictions made with ML, more intuitive user interfaces must be validated. Thus, Interpretable AI is one of the crucial directions which could allow policy and decision makers to make reasonable and data-driven decisions that can ultimately lead to better mental health services planning and suicide prevention. This research aimed to develop sex-specific ML models for predicting the population risk of suicide and to interpret the models. Data were from the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System (QICDSS), covering up to 98% of the population in the province of Quebec and containing data for over 20,000 suicides between 2002 and 2019. We employed a case-control study design. Individuals were considered cases if they were aged 15+ and had died from suicide between January 1st, 2002, and December 31st, 2019 (n = 18339). Controls were a random sample of 1% of the Quebec population aged 15+ of each year, who were alive on December 31st of each year, from 2002 to 2019 (n = 1,307,370). We included 103 features, including individual, programmatic, systemic, and community factors, measured up to five years prior to the suicide events. We trained and then validated the sex-specific predictive risk model using supervised ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Multilayer perceptron (MLP). We computed operating characteristics, including sensitivity, specificity, and Positive Predictive Value (PPV). We then generated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to predict suicides and calibration measures. For interpretability, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) was used with the global explanation to determine how much the input features contribute to the models' output and the largest absolute coefficients. The best sensitivity was 0.38 with logistic regression for males and 0.47 with MLP for females; the XGBoost Classifier with 0.25 for males and 0.19 for females had the best precision (PPV). This study demonstrated the useful potential of explainable AI models as tools for decision-making and population-level suicide prevention actions. The ML models included individual, programmatic, systemic, and community levels variables available routinely to decision makers and planners in a public managed care system. Caution shall be exercised in the interpretation of variables associated in a predictive model since they are not causal, and other designs are required to establish the value of individual treatments. The next steps are to produce an intuitive user interface for decision makers, planners and other stakeholders like clinicians or representatives of families and people with live experience of suicidal behaviors or death by suicide. For example, how variations in the quality of local area primary care programs for depression or substance use disorders or increased in regional mental health and addiction budgets would lower suicide rates.

The association of caesarean section (CS) for postpartum depression (PPD) remains controversial. This study aims to explore the relationship between CS and the risk of PPD, in order to provide a basis for preventing PPD.

Effective pain management is essential for optimal surgical outcomes; however, it can be challenging in patients with a history of opioid use disorder (OUD). Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is a valuable treatment option for patients with OUD. Initiating buprenorphine treatment in patients concurrently taking opioids can be complex due to potential adverse outcomes like precipitated withdrawal. Evolving guidelines suggest there are benefits to continuing buprenorphine for surgical patients throughout the perioperative period, however situations do arise when buprenorphine has been discontinued. Typically, in this scenario patients would be restarted on buprenorphine after they have fully recovered from post-surgical pain and no longer require opioids for pain control. Unfortunately, holding MOUD may expose the patient to risks such as opioid induced respiratory depression or addiction relapse. In this case series, we discuss a novel method to restart buprenorphine in small incremental doses, known as micro-dosing, while the patient is still taking opioids for pain. We will present two complex clinical cases when this method was used successfully at a tertiary care hospital system.

Mental health has been found to be associated with risk of osteoarthritis (OA), but the causal relationship was not fully clarified.

We aimed to evaluate retinal nerve fiber and choroidal layer alterations in adolescents with anorexia nervosa using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

A patient with the E280A mutation and homozygous for Christchurch () displayed extreme resistance to Alzheimer's disease (AD) cognitive decline and tauopathy, despite having a high amyloid burden. To further investigate the differences in biological processes attributed to , we generated induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cerebral organoids from this resistant case and a non-protected control, using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to modulate expression. In the cerebral organoids, we observed a protective pattern from early tau phosphorylation. ScRNA sequencing revealed regulation of Cadherin and Wnt signaling pathways by , with immunostaining indicating elevated β-catenin protein levels. Further reporter assays unexpectedly demonstrated that ApoE3Ch functions as a Wnt3a signaling enhancer. This work uncovered a neomorphic molecular mechanism of protection of ApoE3 Christchurch, which may serve as the foundation for the future development of protected case-inspired therapeutics targeting AD and tauopathies.

Individuals with depression who do not respond to two or more courses of serotonergic antidepressants tend to have greater deficits in reward processing and greater internalizing symptoms, yet there is no validated self-report method to determine the likelihood of treatment resistance based on these symptom dimensions.

To examine the relationship between current and former smoking and the occurrence of delirium in surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients.

Evidence supporting secondary stroke in sub-Saharan Africa is scarce. This study describes the incidence of stroke recurrence and associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa.