DSM-V Psychiatry

Misophonia is a psychiatric condition characterized by strong emotional and/or behavioral responses to auditory stimuli, leading to distress and functional impairment. Despite previous attempts to define and categorize this condition, misophonia is not currently included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or International Classification of Diseases. The lack of formal diagnostic consensus presents challenges for research aimed at assessing and treating this clinical presentation.

This analysis estimated 2013 annual healthcare costs associated with the common mental disorders of mood and anxiety disorders and psychological symptoms within a representative sample of Australian women.

The conceptual basis of psychopathology within cancer survivorship is critical, as the chosen conceptualisation informs assessment and explanatory models, as well as interventions and supportive care approaches. The validity of a chosen conceptualisation of psychopathology is therefore paramount for ensuring cancer survivors receive high-quality and efficacious care and support that can be iteratively improved via coordinated research efforts. In this paper, we discuss the traditional diagnostic approach to conceptualising psychopathology within cancer care, including the diagnostic system the 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' (DSM) [1], and the significant issues it presents within cancer survivorship. We detail and discuss how an alternate conceptualisation of psychopathology may enhance both research and practice within psycho-oncology. We ultimately pose, and provide our perspective, on the question "Is it Time to Discard the DSM in Psycho-Oncology?"

This study determined the threshold for recurrent depressive episodes that predicted conversion from major depressive disorder (MDD) to bipolar disorder (BD).

This study aims to investigate the predictive and mediating relationships between emotion dysregulation, internalizing disorders, family functionality, loneliness preference, and executive functions (EF) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and cognitive disengagement syndrome (ADHD + CDS). This study included 176 children and adolescents (92 boys, 84 girls) who were diagnosed with ADHD + CDS according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the Fifth Edition criteria by a fellowship-trained child and adolescent psychiatrist, between ages 8 -12 (M = 10, SD = 1.52) with a convenience sampling method. The solitude scale for children, difficulties in emotion dysregulation scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Barkley Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, Family assessment device, and CNS Vital Signs test were used. The results showed that difficulty in emotion regulation, preference for loneliness, internalizing disorders and CDS symptom severity did not have a mediating effect between family functionality and EF. Still, emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between EF and internalizing disorders by itself and through loneliness preference. Also, preference for loneliness and emotion dysregulation had a mediating effect between family functionality and internalizing disorders. Finally, it was found that the effect of emotion regulation difficulty, loneliness preference, and internalizing disorders had a mediating role between CDS symptom severity and family functionality. In conclusion, the information obtained from this study on the etiology of CDS may guide future studies.

Chronic use of cannabis is associated with an increased risk of psychosocial, mental and physical health impairments. Sociohealth institutions reach a very limited proportion of cannabis users in need of treatment. Using data collected from festival attendees, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dependent cannabis users and to characterize cannabis dependence.

Undergraduate medical studies represent a wide range of learning opportunities served in the form of various teaching-learning modalities for medical learners. A clinical scenario is frequently used as a modality, followed by multiple-choice and open-ended questions among other learning and teaching methods. As such, script concordance tests (SCTs) can be used to promote a higher level of clinical reasoning. Recent technological developments have made generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems such as ChatGPT (OpenAI) available to assist clinician-educators in creating instructional materials.

The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine marks a critical juncture in a series of events posing severe threat to the health of Ukrainian citizens. While recent reports reveal higher rates of PTSD in Ukrainian refugees following Russia's invasion - data for Ukrainians remaining at the warfront is inherently difficult to access. A primarily elderly demographic, Ukrainians in previously Russian-occupied areas near the front (UPROANF) are at particular risk.

We aim to investigate the methylation of gene promotor and polymorphism in schizophrenia (SCZ) patients with attempted suicide or non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). A sample of 112 patients with SCZ was included in the study. Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition Axis I Disorders was used to confirm the diagnosis according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision criteria. The patients were evaluated by data forms that had sociodemographic, suicidal behavior, and NSSI information. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the methylation of the gene. The analysis of the BclI polymorphism of the gene was evaluated by using the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our results revealed that although the NR3C1 gene methylation was not statistically significantly different, there was a significant difference in NR3C1 genotype distribution among the SCZ groups with and without attempted suicide. SCZ patients carrying the CC genotype had a lower risk of attempted suicide (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.421; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.183-0.970; p = 0.040), while having the GG genotype in SCZ patients was associated with a higher risk of attempted suicide (OR: 3.785; 95% Cl: 1.107-12.945; p = 0.042). Additionally, due to NSSI in SCZ patients, there were no significant differences in NR3C1 gene methylation and genotype distribution among the groups. We propose that the BclI polymorphism may be associated with attempted suicide in Turkish patients diagnosed with SCZ.

This study aimed to evaluate the validity of World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking level reductions as meaningful endpoints for clinical practice and research. This study examined whether such reductions were associated with a lower likelihood of a current alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis and fewer AUD criteria.

Ketamine is a restricted and regulated medication in Australia and New Zealand, which has implications when considering treatment for patients with treatment-resistant depression and a history of illicit drug use, abuse or dependence. Regulations governing prescription of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression vary between jurisdictions in Australia and New Zealand, though most restrict use in those with drug dependence. There is substantial variation in definitions of drug dependence used in each jurisdiction, and between the legal and clinical definitions, with the latter specified in the current International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision and , Fifth Edition. This paper reviews the literature assessing the risk of ketamine misuse and dependence in patients with a history of illicit drug use, abuse or dependence and presents recommendations for psychiatrists who prescribe ketamine in such patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Divergent conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th ed..; ICD-11) significantly confounds both research and practice. Using a diverse sample of trauma-exposed youth (N = 1,542, age range: 8-20 years), we compared these two diagnostic approaches along with an expanded version of the ICD-11 PTSD criteria that included three additional reexperiencing symptoms (ICD-11+). Within the sample, PTSD was more prevalent using the DSM-5 criteria (25.7%) compared to the ICD-11 criteria (16.0%), with moderate agreement between these diagnostic systems, κ = .57. The inclusion of additional reexperiencing symptoms (i.e., ICD-11+) reduced this discrepancy in prevalence (24.7%) and increased concordance with DSM-5 criteria, κ = .73. All three PTSD classification systems exhibited similar comorbidity rates with major depressive episode (MDE) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; 78.0%-83.6%). Most youths who met the DSM-5 PTSD criteria also met the criteria for ICD-11 PTSD, MDE, or GAD (88.4%), and this proportion increased when applying the ICD-11+ criteria (95.5%). Symptom-level analyses identified reexperiencing/intrusions and negative alterations in cognition and mood symptoms as primary sources of discrepancy between the DSM-5 and ICD-11 PTSD diagnostic systems. Overall, these results challenge assertions that nonspecific distress and diagnostically overlapping symptoms within DSM-5 PTSD inflate comorbidity with depressive and anxiety disorders. Further, they support the argument that the DSM-5 PTSD criteria can be refined and simplified without reducing the overall prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in youth.

Schizophrenia belongs to a severe mental illness with complicated clinical presentations, an ill-defined pathogenesis, and no known cause. Many genetic studies imply that polygenic interaction is important in the development of schizophrenia. The main mechanism of the RELN-BDNF-CREB-DNMT signaling pathway in neurodevelopment involves RELN, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), as well as DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B). An early case-control research on 15 polymorphisms in the RELN, CREB, BDNF, DNMT1, and DNMT3B genes was done. A single gene variation has little effect on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, but the combination of intergenic variation loci has a bigger impact because schizophrenia is a complex polygenic disorder. The objective of the current study sought to explore the impact of genetic interactions between RELN, BDNF, CREB, DNMT1, and DNMT3B on schizophrenia in order to further highlight the genetic factors influencing the risk of schizophrenia.

Gaudiani et al. (2022) presented terminal anorexia nervosa (T-AN) as a potential new specifier to the anorexia nervosa (AN) diagnosis, with criteria including (a) AN diagnosis, (b) age > 30 years, (c) previously participated in high-quality care, and (d) the clear, consistent determination by a patient with decision-making capacity that additional treatment would be futile, knowing death will result. This study's purpose was to empirically examine a subgroup of participants with AN who met the first three criteria of T-AN-and a smaller subset who also met a proxy index of the fourth criterion involving death (TD-AN)-and compare them to an adult "not terminal" anorexia nervosa (NT-AN) group and to a "not terminal" subset 30 years of age or older (NTO-AN). Patients at U.S. eating disorder treatment facilities ( = 782; T-AN: = 51, TD-AN: = 16, NT-AN: = 731, NTO-AN: = 133), all of whom met criteria for a current of AN, were compared regarding admission, discharge, and changes from admission to discharge on physiological indices (i.e., white blood cell counts, albumin levels, aspartate aminotransferase levels, and body mass index), as well as self-report measures (i.e., eating disorder, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms). In contrast to the tight syndromal symptom interconnections of, and inevitable spiral toward death expected for, a terminal diagnosis, results suggest substantial variability within the T-AN group and TD-AN subset, and an overall trend of improvement across physiological and self-report measures. This study thus provides some empirical evidence against the specification of the T-AN diagnosis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is marked by the contrasting symptoms of hyperemotional reactivity and emotional numbing (ie, reduced emotional reactivity). Comprehending the mechanism that governs the transition between neutral and negative emotional states is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies.

Clinician burnout has been associated with clinician outcomes, but the association with patient outcomes remains unclear.

The current study aimed to examine the differences in sleep quality, illness severity, and functioning in remitted bipolar disorder patients who are using mood stabilizers and antipsychotics either as monotherapy or as combination/additional therapy.

Since the publication of the fifth edition of the , identity impairment has become a diagnostic criterion for all personality disorders. The current study examined the occurrence of identity dimensions, clinically relevant identity impairments and personality pathology, and associations between these constructs in 92 forensic patients and 139 healthy controls. Patients showed higher levels of almost all identity dimensions, identity impairments, personality disorders, and almost all maladaptive personality traits than controls. Various identity dimensions were associated with consolidated identity as well as identity impairments in both groups. Both patients and controls with high ruminative exploration and identity malfunctioning showed more personality pathology. Different associations between identity functioning and particularly antisocial and borderline personality disorder showed to be stronger in patients than in controls. Our results highlight the importance of identity impairment as a crucial criterion to assess and treat personality pathology in forensic patients.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition, is defined as one of pseudo-obsessive disorders; a class of obsessive-compulsive disorders. Whereas BDD has been weakly investigated among the Middle east population and there are little data about the prevalence of BDD in Iran especially in the northern part, in this study we tend to investigate the prevalence rate of BDD and its relationship with demographic factors and post-operative satisfaction in a sample of candidates for cosmetic and non-cosmetic surgery in Rasht.

The pituitary gland plays an important role in the stress response mechanism. Given the direct link between adjustment disorder and stress, we hypothesized that there might be changes in the pituitary gland in these patients. The study comprised a patient group of 19 individuals with adjustment disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition, and 18 healthy controls. The mean pituitary gland volumes of the patient group were not statistically significantly different from those of the healthy control group (80.81 ± 1.82 mm3 in patients with adjustment disorder vs. 81.10 ± 7.04 mm3 in healthy controls, with a statistically nonsignificant difference of P > 0.05). This finding is contrary to our previous findings in anxiety-related disorders. In this regard, adjustment disorder is not similar to anxiety-related disorders in terms of pituitary gland volumes. We should also clearly state that our study is a pioneering study and that studies with large samples are needed to support our findings. The limitations of our study can be attributed to the small sample size, the utilization of a cross-sectional design, and the inclusion of patients using psychotropic drugs.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the common depressive disorder. MDD has high comorbidity and has greater implications on quality of life. Whole system Ayurveda management protocol (WSAP) is explored for it's possible role in management of MDD.

Psychometric studies evaluating the reliability of eating-disorder assessment among individuals with binge-eating disorder (BED) have been limited. The current study documents the interrater reliability and internal consistency of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview when administered to adults with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5)-defined BED.

Dual disorders (DDs) involve the coexistence of a substance use disorder (SUD) with another mental illness, often from the psychotic and affective categories. They are quite common in clinical practice and present significant challenges for both diagnosis and treatment. This study explores the effectiveness of brexpiprazole, a third-generation antipsychotic, in an Italian sample of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and a comorbid SUD.

The efficacy and safety of antidepressant augmentation therapy with aripiprazole (AATA) has been established; however, the ongoing effects of continuing aripiprazole after remission remain unclear because no studies have examined this issue.

The reported prevalence rate of anxiety disorder in the paediatric population varies widely between different counties. Currently, there is no national epidemiological survey anxiety disorder in China. This study aims to investigate the national prevalence of anxiety disorder, the distribution profiles of different subtypes and its comorbidity rates among school students.

The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Korean versions of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Self Report (OBS-SR) and the Social Anxiety Spectrum Self Report (SHY-SR) questionnaires, along with determining their optimal cut-off points in a Korean population.

To provide additional information about clinical features associated with adult ADHD in patients diagnosed in childhood compared to those first diagnosed in adulthood.

Problematic interpersonal relationships may represent both, a risk factor for the development or trigger of personality disorder (PD) symptoms and its consequences. Since peer relationships become more and more important in adolescence, the current study explores the cross-sectional association between recent bullying experiences and levels of impairment in personality functioning according to the (5th ed.) alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD; Criterion A) in help-seeking adolescents ( = 493). Logistic and multiple regression analyses revealed that patients who were frequently bullied in the past 3 months (i.e., at least once a week) were more likely to reach the diagnostic threshold for PD according to the AMPD ( = 1.71, = .025) and showed higher levels of impairment in identity (β = .41, < .001), empathy (β = .26, = .002), and intimacy (β = .30, = .001), but not self-direction, compared to patients who did not report any bullying experiences. Occasional bullying in the past 3 months (i.e., every few weeks) was neither associated with a greater likelihood to reach the diagnostic threshold for PD nor with greater impairments in identity, self-direction, empathy, or intimacy compared to no bullying. While the current study provides support for a correlation between bullying experiences and personality dysfunction (particularly in the elements identity and intimacy), longitudinal research is needed to clarify whether experiences of bullying cause or trigger personality dysfunction or/and vice versa. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Patients with induced laryngeal obstruction (ILO) present with a variety of behavioral health profiles. Identifying these profiles is crucial in that behavioral health conditions may affect treatment duration and outcomes.

Dementia is a global public health challenge, and its impact on Portugal is yet unclear. This study forecasts dementia prevalence in Portugal until 2080. Using the Gonçalves-Pereira et al (2021) method, we estimated dementia cases among older adults (≥65 years) in the community. Applying age-sex specific prevalence rates of the Gonçalves-Pereira study to population projections for Portugal between 2020-2080, based on the 10/66 Dementia Research Group criteria (10/66 DRG) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria (DSM-IV), to Portugal's population projections (2020-2080) under various growth scenarios (low, medium, and high). We anticipate a more than 2-fold increase in dementia prevalence from 2020 to 2080, both for 10/66 DRG [2.1%-5.0%] and DSM-IV [.8%-2.0%]. By 2080, those aged ≥80 years are projected to constitute 75.0% (vs 59.0% in 2020) of all dementia cases, particularly affecting women. Addressing dementia growth in Portugal calls for a comprehensive global response, while country-level estimates facilitate informed public health planning, policy-making, and resource allocation.

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are underdiagnosed in healthcare settings. The Substance Use Symptom Checklist (SUSC) is a practical, patient-report questionnaire that has been used to assess SUD symptoms based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. This study evaluates the test-retest reliability of SUSCs completed in primary and mental health care settings.

Kratom leaf products are increasingly consumed in the United States, with many consumers reporting they experience beneficial effects from kratom use. However, there is a growing concern for kratom's potential to result in dependence when used regularly. As such, we sought to assess, using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5), diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder, the prevalence of "kratom use disorder" (KUD) among kratom consumers.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical presentation of binge-eating disorder (BED) in a Japanese sample and to examine the relationship between subtypes of BED differing in onset patterns and those differing in prior history of another eating disorder (ED).

Personality disorders (PDs) are associated with an inferior quality of life, poor health, and premature mortality, leading to heavy clinical, familial, and societal burdens. The International Classification of Diseases-11 (ICD-11) makes a thorough, dramatic paradigm shift from the categorical to dimensional diagnosis of PD and expands the application into adolescence. We have reviewed the recent literature on practical implications, and severity and trait measures of ICD-11 defined PDs, by comparing with the alternative model of personality disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), by mentioning the relevance in forensic and social concerns, and by referencing the developmental implication of life span, especially in adolescence. Study results strongly support the dimensional utility of ICD-11 PD diagnosis and application in adolescence which warrants early detection and intervention. More evidence-based research is needed along the ICD-11 PD application, such as its social relevance, measurement simplification, and longitudinal design of lifespan observation and treatment.

The Gambling Disorder Identification Test (GDIT) is a recently developed self-report measure. The GDIT includes items with multiple response options that are either based on frequency or time, and item response theory evaluations of these could yield vital knowledge on its measurement performance.

Patients with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) show a heterogenous clinical course. The aim of the current study was to investigate the longitudinal course of cognitive and motor function in patients who developed parkinsonism, dementia, both, or none.

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) has shown good validity and reliability, but few studies have examined the GDS among very old adults or the Swedish translation.

Recent studies showed that immunometabolic dysregulation is related to unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and that it more consistently maps to MDD patients endorsing an atypical symptom profile, characterized by energy-related symptoms including increased appetite, weight gain, and hypersomnia. Despite the documented influence of the microbiome on immune regulation and energy homeostasis, studies have not yet investigated microbiome differences among clinical groups in individuals with MDD.

Methamphetamine (MA) use increases the risk of age-related diseases. However, it remains uncertain whether MA use exhibits accelerated biological aging, as indicated by telomere length (TL), a proposed marker of aging. Here we conducted studies in both humans and rats to investigate the association between MA use and TL.

Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been listed in section III of the DSM-5 for approximately 10 years, the study of treatments for IGD remains in early stages. Nonetheless, a summary of findings to date and discussion of future research needs are warranted.

In this cohort profile article we describe the lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) database that has been established as part of the BIObanks Netherlands Internet Collaboration (BIONIC). Across the Netherlands we collected data on () lifetime MDD diagnosis in 132,850 Dutch individuals. Currently, = 66,684 of these also have genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. We initiated this project because the complex genetic basis of MDD requires large population-wide studies with uniform in-depth phenotyping. For standardized phenotyping we developed the LIDAS (LIfetime Depression Assessment Survey), which then was used to measure MDD in 11 Dutch cohorts. Data from these cohorts were combined with diagnostic interview depression data from 5 clinical cohorts to create a dataset of = 29,650 lifetime MDD cases (22%) meeting criteria and 94,300 screened controls. In addition, genomewide genotype data from the cohorts were assembled into a genomewide association study (GWAS) dataset of = 66,684 Dutch individuals (25.3% cases). Phenotype data include -based MDD diagnoses, sociodemographic variables, information on lifestyle and BMI, characteristics of depressive symptoms and episodes, and psychiatric diagnosis and treatment history. We describe the establishment and harmonization of the BIONIC phenotype and GWAS datasets and provide an overview of the available information and sample characteristics. Our next step is the GWAS of lifetime MDD in the Netherlands, with future plans including fine-grained genetic analyses of depression characteristics, international collaborations and multi-omics studies.

Inpatient prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) delirium varies widely across the literature. Delirium in general older populations is associated with adverse outcomes, such as increased mortality, dementia, and institutionalisation. However, to date there are no comprehensive prospective studies in PD delirium. This study aimed to determine delirium prevalence in hospitalised PD participants and the association with adverse outcomes, compared to a control group of older adults without PD.

To identify childhood psychopathological features that predict the onset of adolescent Bipolar (BD) versus Unipolar Major Depressive Disorder (UD) during adolescence.

To safeguard the most vulnerable individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous governments enforced measures such as stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and self-isolation. These social restrictions had a particularly negative effect on older adults, as they are more vulnerable and experience increased loneliness, which has various adverse effects, including increasing the risk of mental health problems and mortality. Chatbots can potentially reduce loneliness and provide companionship during a pandemic. However, existing chatbots do not cater to the specific needs of older adult populations.

This editorial addresses catatonia, a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome characterised by a spectrum of psychomotor disturbances. The editorial seeks to clarify the ambiguous aspects of catatonia, integrating recent research findings, including global studies and diagnostic advancements. It discusses catatonia's clinical manifestations, prevalence, and associated psychiatric and medical conditions, with particular emphasis on its frequent co-occurrence with schizophrenia and mood disorders. The prevalence of catatonia, which varies across psychiatric populations, is illustrated by a significant study conducted in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of the Bush-Francis Screening Instrument compared to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 criteria in diagnosing catatonia. The editorial evaluates treatment approaches, primarily focusing on benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy, and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies. It underscores the importance of robust diagnostic frameworks and early intervention in managing catatonia, as recommended by the latest evidence-based consensus guideline. Furthermore, it suggests future research directions, particularly in exploring the neurobiological and genetic factors of catatonia, to enhance our understanding and improve treatment outcomes. This editorial succinctly aims to demystify catatonia and provide valuable insights for clinicians and researchers in mental health care.

In-hospital delirium is associated with adverse outcomes and is underdiagnosed, limiting research and clinical follow-up.

Background Patients diagnosed with eating disorders (EDs) have demonstrated elevated levels of eating psychopathology, including distorted body image, and general psychopathology, encompassing depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self-esteem, surpassing anticipated levels. However, the measurement of EDs' prevalence related to depression and mental disorders in Saudi society remains insufficient. There is a clear need for additional studies to establish and substantiate the relationship between these issues and their frequency. In response to this gap, the current study delves into the psychosocial implications of disordered eating in Saudi Arabian adolescents and adults. The primary objective of this study is to contribute to an expanded understanding of the psychosocial effects associated with EDs, shedding light on their prevalence and interconnectedness with mental health concerns among adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia among adolescents based on self-report questionnaires, including the Patient Health Questionnaires for Eating Disorders and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for the presence of EDs. To analyze the obtained data, we calculated the responses from participants who met the following criteria: adolescents (ages 10 to 18 years) from all regions in Saudi Arabia who were ethnically Saudi and included both male and female individuals. Those older than 18 years were excluded from the study. Results We collected data from 422 participants; however, 43 responses were excluded because the respondent was under 10 years or over 18 years old. According to the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), the prevalence of depression was 83.9%; 36.7% of the participants had severe depression, 23.2% had moderate depression, and 24% had mild depression. According to the Patient Health Questionnaire Eating Disorders Scale, the prevalence of EDs was 23.5%, with the prevalence of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa being 14.8% and 8.7%, respectively. We found a significant correlation between EDs and depression, and the severity of depression (P=0.005). The prevalence of depression among patients with EDs was 93.3%: 17.9% of patients with EDs had mild depression, 21.3% had moderate depression, and 54.1% had severe depression. Conclusion There is an alarming finding of the high prevalence of both EDs and depression among young adolescents in elementary school, which requires urgent intervention. The study found a significant relationship between EDs and depression: the more severe the depressive symptoms, the higher the prevalence of EDs.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) describes three primary avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) subtypes including sensory sensitivity, lack of interest in food or eating, and fear of aversive consequences. Studies exploring these subtypes have yielded varying results. We used latent class analysis (LCA) based on the psychopathology of ARFID in a sample of children and adolescents to empirically identify classes.

Co-occurring somatic diseases exhibit complex clinical profiles, which can differentially impact the development of late-life depression. Within a community-based cohort, we aimed to explore the association between somatic disease burden, both in terms of the number of diseases and their patterns, and the incidence of depression in older people.

Treatment adherence rates among patients of affective disorders remain sub-par across the world. Sociocultural factors affecting the same remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to explore and conceptualize the same.

To compare the levels of galectin 3 in the serum and saliva of patients with schizophrenia and normal subjects.

Many patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suffer from sleep problems. Robot-based interventions might be an innovative approach to reduce sleep problems and hyperarousal in PTSD. However, the feasibility and effectiveness of a breath robot in patients with PTSD have never been empirically tested. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a breath robot to reduce sleep problems and hyperarousal in patients with PTSD.

Bell's mania was first described in 1849, and other terms have been used to describe this condition, including delirious mania, mania with delirium, and excited delirium. However, no international diagnostic manual has included mania as an independent diagnostic tool. The criteria for delirious mania were proposed by Bond et al.

Given the global shortage of child psychiatrists and barriers to specialized care, remote assessment is a promising alternative for diagnosing and managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, only a few studies have validated the accuracy and acceptability of these remote methods.

Catatonia is an underrecognized disorder that has been widely described as a psychomotor syndrome, with little emphasis on its thought and cognitive dimensions. The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision describes only motor and behavioral presentations, whereas a few catatonia scales describe only one form of thought disorders, which is thought perseveration. Thought blocking, a disorder of the thought process, is characterized by regular interruptions in the thought stream. It was described by several scholars as a sign of schizophrenia, with few reports describing thought blocking in association with catatonia. In this article, we describe the course of a patient with bipolar I disorder who presented with catatonia and demonstrated thought blocking. Her catatonic symptoms and thought blocking improved with the addition of lorazepam, recurred upon lorazepam discontinuation, and improved with resumption of lorazepam, demonstrating a clear on/off phenomenon. This report highlights the importance of recognizing thought and cognitive manifestations of catatonia, as it can enhance recognition and improve treatment.

This review aims to characterize the pattern of post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment, allowing better prediction of impact on daily function to inform clinical management and rehabilitation.

To determine the community prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adult population and describe the prevalence by age, men-women, urban-rural strata.

The prevalence and associated overdose death rates from opioid use disorder (OUD) have dramatically increased in the last decade. Despite more available treatments than 20 years ago, treatment access and high discontinuation rates are challenges, as are personalized medication dosing and making timely treatment changes when treatments fail. In other fields such as depression, brief measures to address these tasks combined with an action plan-so-called measurement-based care (MBC)-have been associated with better outcomes. This workgroup aimed to determine whether brief measures can be identified for using MBC for optimizing dosing or informing treatment decisions in OUD.

This paper advocates for the inclusion of patient perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders (EDs) for ethical, epistemological, and pragmatic reasons. We build upon the ideas of a recent editorial published in this journal. Using EDs as their example, the authors argue against dominant DSM-oriented approaches in favor of an increased focus on understanding patients' subjective experiences. We argue that their analysis stops too soon for the development of practical-and actionable-insights into how to effect the integration of first-person and third-person accounts of EDs.

Children and young people's mental health services have been under increasing pressure following COVID-19. Understanding, for which channels help is sought from, will highlight services needing support. This study aims to explore the professional services that parents of children, and young people get help from when they have a concern for the child's/their mental health. Secondary analysis of data is taken from Mental Health of Children and Young People in England Survey, 2017. 7608 reports of mental health-related contact with professional services from parents of 5-16 year-olds and self-reports from young people aged 17-19 were available. Service contact was reported by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) diagnosis, age, gender and ethnicity. Less than two-thirds of children and young people with a DSM-V diagnosis (63.5% (95% CI 58.6-68.1) aged 5-10, and 64.0% (95% CI 59.4-68.4) aged 11-16) reported contact with any professional services. The figure was lower for those aged 17-19; 50.1% (95% CI 42.8-58.2), p = 0.005. Children and young people aged 5-16 from Black (11.7%; 95% CI 2.4-41.4), Asian (55.1%; 95% CI 34.7-73.9) and Mixed (46.0%; 95% CI 32.4-60.3) ethnic groups reported less contact with professional services compared to those from the White group (66.9%; 95% CI 63.5-70.2). Patterns of service access during the three main educational stages aid with understanding service need during childhood. These lower levels of reported service access for young people aged 17-19 with a DSM-V diagnosis and those in ethnic minority groups demand further investigation.

Individuals wrestling with panic disorder (PD) know all too well its debilitating impact. Sudden, intense fear episodes disrupt lives and erode well-being. Fortunately, integrating complementary therapies like yoga with standard treatment offers a glimmer of hope for improved outcomes. Yoga's unique blend of physical postures (asanas), breathing exercises (pranayama), and meditative practices holds promise for mitigating anxiety and fostering a sense of inner peace, potentially making it a valuable tool in the fight against panic disorder.

Betel quid (BQ) is the fourth most popular psychoactive substance in the world, and BQ use disorder (BUD) is prevalent in Asian countries. Although the mechanisms underlying BUD remain unclear, studies have reported influences from monoamine oxidase inhibitor. We enrolled 50 patients with BUD and assessed their BQ consumption habits, emotional conditions, and the clinical severity of addiction-assessed using the [Fifth Edition] () criteria, Substance Use Severity Rating Scale, and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Rating Scale for BQ. Patients were categorized into the severe group when showing six or more symptoms defined by . A genome-wide association study was conducted for single nucleotide polymorphisms in , , , , , and by using patients' blood samples. More severe BUD symptoms were associated with younger age of using BQ and poor oral hygiene and with severe craving for and more anxiety toward BQ use. The rs5953210 polymorphism was significantly associated with severe BUD (odds ratio, 6.43; 95% confidence interval, 5.12-7.74; < 0.01) and might contribute to BQ-associated cancer risk. Further studies are required to investigate the addictive properties of BQ and the development of novel diagnostic tools and pharmacotherapeutic alternatives to BUD treatment.

A growing number of recent studies have explored underlying activity in the brain by measuring electroencephalography (EEG) in people with depression. However, the consistency of findings on EEG microstates in patients with depression is poor, and few studies have reported the relationship between EEG microstates, cognitive scales, and depression severity scales.

Neurodevelopmental disorders, as per DSM-V, are described as a group of conditions with onset in the development period of childhood. There is a need to distinguish the process of habilitation and rehabilitation, especially in a developing country like India, and define the roles of all stakeholders to reduce the burden of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Kratom products, which are sold legally in most of the US, contain alkaloids with opioidergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic activity. Millions of people use kratom to relieve pain, improve mood, or self-manage substance use disorders (SUDs). Kratom use has primarily been examined via surveys, in which recall biases among satisfied users may lead to minimization of transient negative outcomes. Further prospective study of kratom use, such as with ecological momentary assessment (EMA), is needed.

Yeast species are a group of coexistent microorganisms in the oral cavity that can cause opportunistic infections in vulnerable individuals, including addicts. This study aimed to identify the yeast species profile responsible for oral yeast colonization (OYC) and the associated risk factors in patients with substance use disorder (SUD) in Ahvaz, Iran. Oral samples were collected from drug users hospitalized in 12 addiction treatment centers, and the related clinical information was mined. Oral yeast species were identified using 21-plex PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). A total of 244 yeast strains were identified from 245 individuals with substance abuse. Candida albicans was the most common species (37.7%) and non-albicans Candida was responsible for 57.7% of OYC, primarily C. dubliniensis (33.2%) and C. glabrata (11.9%). Moreover, uncommon oral yeasts constituted 5.3% of species, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clavispora lusitaniae, Pichia kluyveri, Geotrichum candidum, Magnusiomyces capitatus, Hanseniospora opuntiae, Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus, Trichosporon asahii, and Aureobasidium pullulans. Importantly, OYC exhibited associations with such factors as duration of drug use, daily drug consumption rate, opioid utilization, oral drug administration, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) score. The present study is the pioneering investigation revealing the prevalence and diversity of oral yeast species, along with associated risk factors, in individuals with SUD in southwestern Iran. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of developing efficient and cost-effective diagnostic methods tailored for resource-constrained settings.

Maltreatment based on race, sex, or lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or other sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQ+) status is a significant life stressor, potentially independent of whether it can be categorized as a , fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) trauma. Yet there is a relative lack of research systematically examining these events, their intersectionality, and links to posttraumatic stress (PTS). The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive measure of social discrimination and maltreatment (SDM) and to examine whether these events can serve as potential traumatic stressors, above-and-beyond classic trauma exposure.

Limited studies have examined psychometric properties of dementia screening tools in university-educated older adults. We aimed to examine this population's diagnostic accuracy of the Iranian version of Mini-Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (M-ACE).

To systematically estimate the overall prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most common mental disorders with a loss of functionality in many areas of life. The current study aims to reveal the relationship between occupational functionality and metacognition in OCD patients.

Exercise is increasingly used as adjunct treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Evidence suggests that moderate-to-high-intensity exercise can ameliorate cravings. We explored the potential mediating effects of changes in mood states in the relationship between exercise intensity and alcohol cravings.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed by the clinical decision of a trained professional based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition or International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision diagnostic criteria. To obtain information for diagnostic formulation, professionals should explore detailed developmental history, and can use structured or semi-structured assessment tools to observe interaction between the child and parents or strangers. Diagnostic assessment should include a profile of the strength and weaknesses of the individual and should be conducted using an optimal approach by a multidisciplinary team with appropriate techniques and experience. Assessment of language, cognitive, neuropsychological, and adaptive functioning should be conducted in ASD individuals prior to establishing an individualized treatment plan. Genetic testing, brain magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalogram testing can be considered for identification of underlying causes.

Hearing impairment is strongly associated with future dementia. No studies have reported objectively measured hearing impairment in a cohort with a long period of follow-up (>20 years), and few have reported follow-up over 10 years. Hence, there is a need for high quality studies with sufficient follow-up time and data to account for reverse causality and confounding. We aimed to address this knowledge gap.

Dissociative disorders have been present in our society since time immemorial, with culture, society, and spiritual beliefs playing a major part. It went through many changes from its name and what it constituted. Diagnosis can be made based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 5, and now the current International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 11 criteria. One of its constituents is trance and possession disorder which is one of the main obstacles faced by psychiatrists in Indian society. Through this case, we can assume that there are many factors involved that lead to delays in diagnosing and managing a case of dissociative disorder, most importantly the social and cultural factors. Even now cultural-socio-spiritual beliefs add to the challenge of dissociative disorders. This case reveals that individuals first consult a general physician before visiting a psychiatrist; so, the need for consultation liaison psychiatry (CLP) and its role today in diagnosis and further management is emphasized. There still exists a need for awareness to be made regarding the mind-body relationship and psychosocial support to both patients and their relatives keeping in mind their beliefs.

Internet addiction has recently been suggested as a possible diagnostic entity in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and incorporated in the International Classification of Diseases 11 Revision (ICD-11) as a gaming disorder, predominantly, online or offline. Mostly, psychotic phenomena have been described by either alcohol or opioid withdrawal, but there is a paucity of literature on Internet-related psychosis. We report two cases from Northern India of sudden onset of psychosis due to Internet addiction. The contents of hallucinations and delusions reflected themes of Internet gaming. Psychosis as a specifier for Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is not defined in DSM-5, whereas it should be considered as one of the presentations of Internet addiction.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and long-lasting illness affecting approximately 2% of the population. Up to 40%-60% of patients with OCD do not have satisfactory outcomes, thereby leading to disability in performing daily routine activities. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) provides a substitute for old-fashioned psychotherapies, as it involves the client directly experiencing the problematic emotion, that is, anxiety and obsessions in the case of OCD.

Eating disorder (ED) and bipolar disorder (BD) exhibit certain phenomenological similarities rooted in eating behavior and emotional regulation. However, despite the growing body of research on the comorbidity of ED and BD, scientific data on the concurrent course of these disorders has remained poorly systematized.

The existing literature on alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction has mainly deliberated on erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation, ignoring other important domains of sexual dysfunctions (viz sexual pleasure, sexual desire, arousal, orgasmic function). This study was undertaken to assess the extent of alcohol-associated sexual dysfunction and to compare their severity with the severity of alcohol dependence in males.

Patients with multi-episode bipolar and psychotic disorders have a high prevalence of substance use disorders, with negative consequences. A brief, easily administered screening test such as the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is needed to identify those at risk in order to intervene appropriately. However, the ASSIST has not yet been validated in this population.

When faced with a surge of physically injured individuals, especially following a traumatic event like an attack, frontline practitioners prioritize early triage. Detecting potential psychological injuries soon after such events remains challenging. Some individuals might develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-V criteria. Others may exhibit PTSD symptoms without meeting full diagnostic criteria, termed partial or sub-syndromal PTSD, a less-explored area in literature. This study aims to identify predictive factors for both full and partial PTSD.

• Explain the steps required for diagnosis of mental disorders in diagnostic handbooks.• Identify current procedures for classifying and reporting prolonged grief disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic disabling disease with often unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. The fifth edition of the (DSM-5) has broadened the diagnostic criteria for OCD, acknowledging that some OCD patients may lack insight into their symptoms. Previous studies have demonstrated that insight can impact therapeutic efficacy and prognosis, underscoring its importance in the treatment of mental disorders, including OCD. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the influence of insight on mental disorders, leading to advancements in related research. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is dearth of comprehensive reviews on the topic of insight in OCD. In this review article, we aim to fill this gap by providing a concise overview of the concept of insight and its multifaceted role in clinical characteristics, neuroimaging mechanisms, and treatment for OCD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), characterized by socio-communicative abnormalities and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors, is part of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs), a diagnostic category distinctly in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, (DSM-5), clearly separated from Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (SSD) (schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizotypal personality disorder). Over the last four decades, this clear distinction is gradually being replaced, describing ASD and SSD as two heterogeneous conditions but with neurodevelopmental origins and overlaps. Referring to the proposal of a neurodevelopmental continuum model, the current research's aim is to provide an update of the knowledge to date on the course of clinical symptoms and their overlaps among ASD and SSD. A narrative review of the literature published between January 2010 and June 2023 was conducted. Five studies were included. All studies show a global impairment in both conditions. Two studies show a focus on neurodevelopmental perspective in ASD and SSD. Only one study of these adopts a longitudinal prospective in terms of prognostic markers among ASD and SSD. Three studies underline the overlap between ASD and SSD in terms of negative, disorganized and positive symptomatology. To date, there is a gap in the current scientific literature focused on ASD-SSD course of clinical symptoms and their overlaps from a neurodevelopmental perspective. Future longitudinal studies to identify risk markers and tailored treatments are needed.

Poor management of mental illnesses is associated with lower treatment adherence, chronification, avoidable re-hospitalisations, and high costs. Remote measurement based care (RMBC) interventions have gained increasing relevance due to its potential in providing a comprehensive and patient-centric approach to mental health management.

The enduring question of whether grief can ever be pathological (and, if so, when) has been shrouding mental health and psychiatric care over the last few years. While this discussion extends beyond the confines of psychiatry to encompass contributions from diverse disciplines such as Anthropology, Sociology, and Philosophy, scrutiny has been mainly directed toward psychiatry for its purported inclination to pathologize grief-an unavoidable facet of the human experience. This critique has gained particular salience considering the formal inclusion of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the subsequent Text Revision 5th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). This study contends that the inclusion of prolonged grief disorder as a diagnostic entity may be excessively rooted in Western cultural perspectives and empirical data, neglecting the nuanced variations in the expression and interpretation of grief across different cultural contexts. The formalization of this disorder not only raises questions about its universality and validity but also poses challenges to transcultural psychiatry, due to poor representation in empirical research and increased risk of misdiagnosis. Additionally, it exacerbates the ongoing concerns related to normativism and the lack of genuine cultural relativism within the DSM. Furthermore, the passionate discussion surrounding the existence, or not, of disordered forms of grief may actually impede effective care for individuals genuinely grappling with pathological forms of grief. In light of these considerations, this study proposes that prolonged grief disorder should be approached as a diagnostic category with potential Western cultural bias until comprehensive cross-cultural studies, conducted in diverse settings, can either substantiate or refute its broader applicability. This recalibration is imperative for advancing a more inclusive and culturally sensitive understanding of grief within the field of psychiatry.

The World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview Substance Abuse Module (WMH-CIDI-SAM) is commonly used as a criterion standard measure for substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses, although the accuracy of this tool when used with adolescents is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement between SUD diagnoses for adolescents made by WMH-CIDI-SAM and those made by specialists based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) ( DSM-5 ) SUD criteria during an SUD evaluation.

Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) as introduced by the DSM-5 is characterized by chronic somatic symptoms not fully explained by underlying pathology and accompanied by psychological factors, the diagnostic B-criteria. These cognitive, affective, and behavioral disturbances are related to increased attention to somatic symptoms. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the association between the B-criteria and high symptom reporting in clinical settings.

Since the inclusion of gender identity disorder in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), psychiatry and the broader medical field have made substantial alterations in their recognition of and respect for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) identities. As this recognition continues to expand, psychiatrists should be aware of both historical harm and current best care practices, especially in light of psychiatric morbidity in TGD populations relative to the general population. This article contextualizes the history of psychiatry's engagement with TGD patients and presents the gender minority stress and resilience model to frame the mental health disparities experienced by TGD people. We envision a role for psychiatry that goes beyond gatekeeping gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgeries. Instead, we should invest in equitable care across the continuum of mental health needs. We provide an overview of existing literature to help characterize psychiatric epidemiology for this population, with the goal of offering guidance on how psychiatrists can deliver responsive and high-quality care for TGD people. Some key areas of proposed clinical improvement include culturally tailoring interventions for substance use disorders, reducing medical trauma in acute psychiatric care settings, and better understanding the interplay of psychopharmacology and gender-affirming hormone therapy.

We aimed to evaluate Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP) and asprosin levels in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and to examine the relationship between eating behavior, metabolic parameters, AgRP and asprosin.

Emotional distress has been rising since before the COVID-19 pandemic and the public is told that depression is a major public health problem. For example, in 2017 depressive disorders were ranked as the third leading cause of "years lost to disability" and the World Health Organization now ranks depression as the single largest contributor to global disability. Although critical appraisals of the epidemiological data raise questions about the accuracy of population-based depression estimates, the dominance of the medical model and the marketing of psychotropics as "magic bullets," have contributed to a dramatic rise in the prescription of psychiatric drugs. Unfortunately, the pharmaceutical industry's influence on psychiatric research and practice has resulted in over-estimates of the effectiveness of psychotropic medications and an under-reporting of harms. This is because the principles that govern commercial entities are incongruent with the principles that guide public health research and interventions. In order to conduct mental health research and develop interventions that are in the public's best interest, we need non-reductionist epistemological and empirical approaches that incorporate a biopsychosocial perspective. Taking depression as a case example, we argue that the socio-political factors associated with emotional distress must be identified and addressed. We describe the harms of industry influence on mental health research and show how the emphasis on "scaling up" the diagnosis and treatment of depression is an insufficient response from a public health perspective. Solutions for reform are offered.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) was officially introduced as a new diagnostic entity in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), under the category of depressive disorders.

The precise epidemiological burden of autism is unknown because of the limited capacity to identify and diagnose the disorder in resource-constrained settings, related in part to a lack of appropriate standardised assessment tools and health care experts. We assessed the reliability, validity, and diagnostic accuracy of the Developmental Diagnostic Dimensional Interview (3Di) in a rural setting on the Kenyan coast.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity are major pediatric public health problems. The present study aimed to examine the association between these two health parties in our pediatric populations.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, with an estimated prevalence in adulthood of 2.5-3.4%. The Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) is an 18-item self-administered scale that assesses attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of ADHD in adults. This study aims to validate the ADHD-RS in Spanish according to the diagnostic criteria established by the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Catatonia is a common syndrome which can be lifethreatening due to its complications. The aims of the study were to translate the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) and the KANNER Scale into Turkish, conduct the validity and reliability analyses and to compare the two scales.

People living with HIV (PLWH) exhibits an increased susceptibility to anxiety disorders, concomitant with heightened vulnerability to aberrant immune activation and inflammatory responses, and endocrine dysfunction. There exists a dearth of scholarly investigations pertaining to the neurological, immune, and endocrine dimensions of HIV-associated anxiety disorders.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects a significant proportion of the pediatric population, making early detection crucial for effective intervention. Eye movements are controlled by brain regions associated with neuropsychological functions, such as selective attention, response inhibition, and working memory, and their deficits are related to the core characteristics of ADHD. Herein, we aimed to develop a screening model for ADHD using machine learning (ML) and eye-tracking features from tasks that reflect neuropsychological deficits in ADHD.

Both subjective and objective evaluations are essential for the treatment of insomnia. Lemborexant has been shown to be effective in the long-term based solely on a subjective basis, and no long-term objective measures have been evaluated under natural sleep conditions. Small, lightweight sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) monitor was used, instead of polysomnography, to objectively evaluate sleep at home 4 and 12 weeks after lemborexant treatment.