Pharmacological treatment options for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Psychiatr Hung. 2026;41(2):165-174.

ABSTRACT

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common and largely underdiagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, impaired activity regulation, and emotional dysregulation, which may cause functional impairment throughout the lifespan. In Hungary, the condition is estimated to affect approximately 250 000 adults, and in many cases it does not lead to help-seeking until young adulthood. Its clinical significance extends well beyond attentional difficulties: ADHD is frequently associated with substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, and, in the longer term, an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. Recognition and appropriate treatment of ADHD therefore offer not only an opportunity for symptom reduction and improved functioning, but also for the prevention of psychiatric and substance use-related complications. The cornerstone of treatment is a multimodal approach: pharmacotherapy is complemented by psychoeducation, structured interventions targeting everyday functioning, and psychotherapy when indicated. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently available pharmacological treatment options for adult ADHD, including the assessments required before treatment initiation, stimulant and non-stimulant medications, and other pharmacological options. We also discuss the benefits, challenges, and clinical significance of long-term pharmacological management. Keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD; pharmacological treatment; stimulant; methylphenidate; lisdexamfetamine; atomoxetine; antidepressant.

PMID:43033119