- Increasing multi-affiliation and ideological fluidity make membership detection and intervention more complex for agencies and researchers.
- Growth of gig and temporary work creates parallels with non-standardised membership, offering flexible pathways into extremist activity.
- Existing models must be updated to capture multiple-group affiliation and gig-like participation; the article reviews literature linking these phenomena.
Stud Confl Terror. 2025 Sep 7:10.1080/1057610x.2025.2550031. doi: 10.1080/1057610x.2025.2550031. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
There has been a movement in the domestic violent extremism space in which individuals are no longer only loyal to one extremist organization or even one specific ideology. Individuals are now able to be affiliated with multiple extremist organizations, making it harder for agencies and researchers to adapt. Alongside this shift, there has been an increase in the usage of gig work and temporary work. The similar shifts towards multiple-group and non-standardized membership necessitate updating models and frameworks for understanding what it means to be a member of an organization at large. To that aim, this article provides a review of the literature surrounding the parallels between the shifts toward the gig economy and lone actor domestic extremism.
PMID:42554272 | PMC:PMC13393223 | DOI:10.1080/1057610x.2025.2550031
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