Brain Stimul. 2026 Feb 17:103058. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2026.103058. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for depression, but symptom dynamics during treatment remain unclear. Network approaches may clarify symptom relations and identify patterns linked to remission.
OBJECTIVE: Examining symptom dynamics during ECT using temporal network modeling and comparing baseline and temporal symptom networks between remitters and non-remitters.
METHODS: Using the Dutch ECT Cohort (N = 857, unipolar/bipolar depression), we examined seven harmonized symptoms from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) over the first five weeks of treatment. We estimated baseline networks using partial correlations and temporal networks using Cross-Lagged Panel Network analysis, which quantified each symptom’s in-prediction and out-prediction. Between remitters (N=413) and non-remitters (N=379), baseline networks were compared using the Network Comparison Test, while temporal networks were compared via network density, Jaccard overlap, and edge correlations.
RESULTS: In the full sample (65.2% female, mean age 61.3 ± 15.5 years), suicidal thoughts exerted the strongest influence on other symptoms (i.e., highest out-prediction). Baseline networks did not differ by outcome, but temporal networks did: remitters showed greater density than non-remitters (χ2 = 8.20, p < 0.01), with low overlap in edges (Jaccard = 0.25), and non-significant edge-weight correlations (r = 0.16; p = 0.46) between groups. Remitters displayed integrated affective-vital symptom connections, while non-remitters showed fragmented subnetworks.
CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in suicidal thoughts preceded broader symptom improvements, suggesting this symptom warrants monitoring. Remitters showed coordinated symptom reduction where affective and vital symptoms reinforced each other, while non-remitters showed independent reduction. These findings provide insights into symptom dynamics during ECT.
PMID:41713680 | DOI:10.1016/j.brs.2026.103058
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