- High stroke prevalence (4.3%) in tea-tribe adults, substantial functional and psychological disability, and major gaps in timely diagnosis and imaging.
- Hypertension was the strongest risk factor; combined with daily salt-added tea it markedly increased odds. Alcohol, smoking and heart disease also associated.
- A simple 0-19 point classification score predicted prevalent stroke well (AUC 0.84), identifies a high-risk group but requires external validation.
BMJ Open. 2026 Aug 24;16(8):e114655. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114655.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tea-tribe communities in Assam face a substantial and under-recognised burden of stroke, shaped by socioeconomic marginalisation, limited access to formal healthcare and distinct cultural practices.
OBJECTIVE: We estimated the prevalence of physician-diagnosed stroke, described associated functional and psychological disabilities, characterised gaps in diagnosis and care, and developed a logistic regression-based classification score for prevalent stroke among tea-tribe adults in Cachar district, Assam, Northeast India.
METHODS: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional door-to-door survey (July 2024-August 2025) across five tea estates among permanent tea-tribe residents aged ≥18 years. Trained community health workers collected data on sociodemographics, vascular risk factors, healthcare utilisation and poststroke functional and psychological outcomes using a structured questionnaire, the Modified Rankin Scale and a symptom inventory. Stroke was identified through community symptom screening and confirmed by teleconsultation with a senior neurologist, supported by neuroimaging where available. A multivariable logistic regression model with stepwise selection identified factors associated with prevalent stroke and regression coefficients were converted into an additive point-based classification score. Internal validation used 1000 bootstrap samples and a 70:30 train-test split. The model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and Brier score.
RESULTS: Among 3818 participants, 164 had a history of stroke (prevalence 4.3%), with a higher prevalence in older adults, men, unemployed or semiskilled or skilled workers and households below the poverty line. Hypertension was the strongest risk factor and its combination with daily tea containing added salt was associated with markedly higher odds of stroke. Alcohol consumption, smoking and previous heart disease were also associated with stroke. Stroke survivors had high functional and psychological burdens and fewer than half reached a health facility within 4.5 hours or underwent CT/MRI. The final model showed good discrimination (area under the curve 0.84) and calibration (Brier score 0.037). The derived classification score (0-19 points) identified a highly associated group (scores >13) with a stroke prevalence of 14.5%.
CONCLUSIONS: The tea-tribe community in Assam faces a high stroke burden, substantial disability and major gaps in timely diagnosis and care. A simple, internally validated classification score based on demographic, socioeconomic and vascular factors may help target community screening and prevention but requires external validation and cautious interpretation given the cross-sectional design and self-reported exposures.
PMID:42637261 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114655
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