Forensic application of metagenomics: Methods and future directions

J Microbiol Methods. 2025 Oct 17:107300. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107300. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The microbial communities are found commonly in our environment, making it impossible to touch any surface without interfering with them. The human microbiome, primarily bacteria in the saliva, skin, and gut, can be used for forensic purposes. Human-associated and environmental samples, such as soil, water, etc., carry the microbiome, which can be used for geolocation inference. These microbiomes have considerable potential for use in forensic investigations, including many instances of sexual violence, post-mortem examinations, individual identification, and location identification. Recent developments in metagenomic sequencing have greatly contributed to microbial analysis. Yet, because of certain issues and challenges, the forensic application of microbiomes is still in its infancy. This article reviewed the use of metagenomics in forensic science and some of the main obstacles that are faced by experts in this area. The first and foremost issues noted were the lack of standardization protocols and a poor reference database for research studies. Some limitations, such as storage sensitivity and limited samples, are also indicated. Future research studies should concentrate on more standardized investigations to overcome these difficulties and explore the enormous potential of microbiomes for beneficial applications in forensic contexts.

PMID:41110780 | DOI:10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107300